A system and method is provided for a cryptographic primitive and authentication protocol comprised of micro-cavity resonators at optical wavelengths. A micro-cavity resonator is illuminated with an optical challenge signal and the cavity returns an output response that is dependent on the input signal. Digital signal processing is performed on the output signal to generate a corresponding digital representation. This process is repeated for variations of the input signal with its digital output being stored in a database. A user or object claiming an identity presents a token to the system. The system selects a subset of the available challenge-response pairs and presents the challenges to the token. The system compares the digitized responses with the original responses expected for that token. The system will approve or deny the claimed identity corresponding to the presented token.

A system and method is provided for a cryptographic primitive and authentication protocol comprised of micro-cavity resonators at optical wavelengths. A micro-cavity resonator is illuminated with an optical challenge signal and the cavity returns an output response that is dependent on the input signal. Digital signal processing is performed on the output signal to generate a corresponding digital representation. This process is repeated for variations of the input signal with its digital output being stored in a database. A user or object claiming an identity presents a token to the system. The system selects a subset of the available challenge-response pairs and presents the challenges to the token. The system compares the digitized responses with the original responses expected for that token. The system will approve or deny the claimed identity corresponding to the presented token.

At least one aspect of the present disclosure directs to a deformation amount measuring method is a method in which a sheet (101) is used that includes a first layer portion (111) having a first pattern (121) that includes a plurality of line drawings extending in a first direction, and a second layer portion (112) overlaid on the first layer portion (111) and having a second pattern (122) that includes a plurality of line drawings extending in a second direction different than the first direction. The method includes the steps of acquiring, from the sheet (101) that has been disposed on a measurement subject, post-deformation image data corresponding to a post-deformation image including a post-deformation moire produced as a result of a post-deformation first pattern (121) and second pattern (122) being overlaid and finding an amount of deformation of the measurement subject on the basis of the post-deformation image data.

At least one aspect of the present disclosure directs to a deformation amount measuring method is a method in which a sheet (101) is used that includes a first layer portion (111) having a first pattern (121) that includes a plurality of line drawings extending in a first direction, and a second layer portion (112) overlaid on the first layer portion (111) and having a second pattern (122) that includes a plurality of line drawings extending in a second direction different than the first direction. The method includes the steps of acquiring, from the sheet (101) that has been disposed on a measurement subject, post-deformation image data corresponding to a post-deformation image including a post-deformation moire produced as a result of a post-deformation first pattern (121) and second pattern (122) being overlaid and finding an amount of deformation of the measurement subject on the basis of the post-deformation image data.

A multiplication wheel is disclosed herein. One selects a number on a first wheel, selects a number on a second wheel and aligns a tab of yet a third wheel to that of the first wheel. The third and top wheel has a plurality of portals which are covered by numbers. One selects the cover with one of the numbers in the multiplication problem, leading to the product of the two selected and aligned numbers from the first and second wheel (one of which is redundantly uncovered on the top wheel) and thus finds the product situated beneath, showing through from the second wheel.

A multiplication wheel is disclosed herein. One selects a number on a first wheel, selects a number on a second wheel and aligns a tab of yet a third wheel to that of the first wheel. The third and top wheel has a plurality of portals which are covered by numbers. One selects the cover with one of the numbers in the multiplication problem, leading to the product of the two selected and aligned numbers from the first and second wheel (one of which is redundantly uncovered on the top wheel) and thus finds the product situated beneath, showing through from the second wheel.

A login request initiated by a user at a current page is received. Whether there exists an account record matched with a login account name and login password combination in the login request is searched from an account table of the current page. If a result is positive, the user is allowed to log in. If a result is not positive, a preconfigured account name collection corresponding to the login account name is acquired. The account name collection includes login account names of the user's registered accounts in a plurality of member systems. A login account name in a member system to which the current page belongs is searched from the account name collection, and the found login account name is provided to the user. The techniques of the present disclosure prompts a correct login account name to the user, especially when there are many user login account names, thereby reducing memory burden of the user and assisting the user in implementing a quick login under multi-account management.

An electronic bead string includes a main bead, a plurality of secondary beads, a displacement sensor, a memory, and a processor. The main bead and the secondary beads are strung together to form a bead string. The displacement sensor is fixed in the main bead to output two-dimensional displacement signals, the memory stores the two-dimensional displacement signals, and the processor determines whether a rotation cycle of the electronic bead string is an approved rotation cycle according to the two-dimensional displacement signals.

Provided is an apparatus for teaching calculation skills. The apparatus may include a plurality of beads and a set of columns of the cells being configured to be occupied by one of the beads. The apparatus may include a set of sensors configured to determine occupation of the cells by the beads, and a processing unit electronically coupled to the set of sensors. The processing unit can be configured to: receive from a server at least one array of integer numbers. Each of the integer numbers represents an intermediate result of solving of a sequence of mathematical operations displayed to a user; determine, via the set of sensors, occupation of the cells by the beads; translate the occupation of cells to a check number; and compare the check number to a current number in array to determine whether the current operation is solved correctly.

Provided is an apparatus for teaching calculation skills. The apparatus may include a plurality of beads and a set of columns of the cells being configured to be occupied by one of the beads. The apparatus may include a set of sensors configured to determine occupation of the cells by the beads, and a processing unit electronically coupled to the set of sensors. The processing unit can be configured to: receive from a server at least one array of integer numbers. Each of the integer numbers represents an intermediate result of solving of a sequence of mathematical operations displayed to a user; determine, via the set of sensors, occupation of the cells by the beads; translate the occupation of cells to a check number; and compare the check number to a current number in array to determine whether the current operation is solved correctly.