Provided is an image forming method including: applying an ink to a print medium and heating the print medium to which the ink is applied at a heating temperature of 60 degrees C. or higher. The ink contains pigment-encapsulating resin particles comprising a pigment and a resin encapsulating the pigment. A proportion of the pigment alone exposed without being encapsulated with the resin is 10% by mass or less relative to solid components contained in the ink. Amass ratio of the pigment to the resin in the pigment-encapsulating resin particles is 0.25 or greater but 1.0 or less. A contact angle θm (°) of the ink when the ink is dropped by 5 microliters onto a print medium at 73 degrees C. is 25° or less.

An ink composition for a light-emitting device includes a phosphine oxide-based charge transporting organic material, a first solvent represented by Formula 1, a second solvent represented by Formula 2, and a third solvent that is polar aprotic. A light-emitting device includes a layer prepared with the in composition. An electronic apparatus includes the light-emitting device:

HOR.sub.1(O).sub.mR.sub.2OH  [Formula 1]

R.sub.11OR.sub.12  [Formula 2]

A nanocomposite includes a plurality of nanoparticles, where each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles includes a TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core characterized by a diameter between about 1 nm and about 20 nm and a surface .OH density below about 6.OH/nm.sup.2, and a nanoparticle shell conformally formed on surfaces of the TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core. The nanoparticle shell is continuous and is thinner than about 2 nm. The nanoparticle shell includes a transparent material with a refractive index greater than about 1.7 for visible light. A valence band of the nanoparticle shell is more than about 0.1 eV lower than a valence band of the TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core. A conduction band of the nanoparticle shell is more than about 0.5 eV higher than a conduction band of the TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core.

A nanocomposite includes a plurality of nanoparticles, where each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles includes a TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core characterized by a diameter between about 1 nm and about 20 nm and a surface .OH density below about 6.OH/nm.sup.2, and a nanoparticle shell conformally formed on surfaces of the TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core. The nanoparticle shell is continuous and is thinner than about 2 nm. The nanoparticle shell includes a transparent material with a refractive index greater than about 1.7 for visible light. A valence band of the nanoparticle shell is more than about 0.1 eV lower than a valence band of the TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core. A conduction band of the nanoparticle shell is more than about 0.5 eV higher than a conduction band of the TiO.sub.2 nanoparticle core.

An example of an inkjet composition includes a colorant, a density modifier selected from the group consisting of a triiodo amino derivative of isophthalic acid, a mixture of polysucrose and sodium diatrizoate, colloidal silica particles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone, and combinations thereof; and an aqueous vehicle. The inkjet composition may be inkjet printed on a substrate, using a thermal or piezoelectric printer.

An example of an inkjet composition includes a colorant, a density modifier selected from the group consisting of a triiodo amino derivative of isophthalic acid, a mixture of polysucrose and sodium diatrizoate, colloidal silica particles coated with polyvinylpyrrolidone, and combinations thereof; and an aqueous vehicle. The inkjet composition may be inkjet printed on a substrate, using a thermal or piezoelectric printer.

A method of manufacturing a pattern includes providing a pattern of a first liquid on a medium, applying a powder material to the provided pattern, and providing a second liquid to the powder material applied to the first liquid.

A method of manufacturing a pattern includes providing a pattern of a first liquid on a medium, applying a powder material to the provided pattern, and providing a second liquid to the powder material applied to the first liquid.

The present invention provides a method of multi-pass inkjet printing comprising: (i) providing an inkjet ink comprising a radiation-curable monomer and a photoinitiator; (ii) jetting the ink via a printhead on to a substrate, wherein the ink is applied in multiple passes of the printhead with respect to the substrate, with each pass jetting a portion of ink in a layer on the substrate, with a first layer being jetted directly on to the substrate and subsequent layers being jetted onto the preceding layer, to build an image formed of the multiple layers; and (iii) exposing all of the layers of ink to actinic radiation to cure the ink, wherein the order of jetting the layers and curing is that pairs of layers are applied to the substrate without exposing the first layer of the pair to actinic radiation prior to the second layer of the pair of layers being applied, curing the pair of layers simultaneously by exposing the pair of layers to actinic radiation, and repeating until the image is formed.

The present invention provides a method of multi-pass inkjet printing comprising: (i) providing an inkjet ink comprising a radiation-curable monomer and a photoinitiator; (ii) jetting the ink via a printhead on to a substrate, wherein the ink is applied in multiple passes of the printhead with respect to the substrate, with each pass jetting a portion of ink in a layer on the substrate, with a first layer being jetted directly on to the substrate and subsequent layers being jetted onto the preceding layer, to build an image formed of the multiple layers; and (iii) exposing all of the layers of ink to actinic radiation to cure the ink, wherein the order of jetting the layers and curing is that pairs of layers are applied to the substrate without exposing the first layer of the pair to actinic radiation prior to the second layer of the pair of layers being applied, curing the pair of layers simultaneously by exposing the pair of layers to actinic radiation, and repeating until the image is formed.