A device and process for electrochemical treatment of wastewater with a screening current collector-based flow anode are provided. The device includes: a shell, where an interior of the shell is a cavity structure, and the shell is provided with a water inlet and a water outlet; a screening current collector structure, where the screening current collector structure includes a screening anode current collector and a cathode current collector, a cathode/anode separator is provided between the screening anode current collector and the cathode current collector, and the screening anode current collector and the cathode current collector each are connected to an external circuit; an anode cell and a cathode cell, where the anode cell and the cathode cell are formed through division of the cavity structure, and an electrolyte is provided in each of the anode cell and the cathode cell; and a flow anode suspended in the anode cell.

Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

Feedwater and saltwater used in desalination plants, oil field installations, and large data centers can be treated to reduce scale, biological contaminants, and biologically induced corrosion therein by the integration of different treatment mechanisms.

Catalytic water treatment is provided using an active material driven with an optical and/or electrical excitation. The active material is MoS.sub.2, MoSe.sub.2, WS.sub.2, WSe.sub.2, Mo.sub.xW.sub.1xS.sub.2, Mo.sub.xW.sub.1xSe.sub.2, MoS.sub.ySe.sub.2y, WS.sub.ySe.sub.2y, or Mo.sub.xW.sub.1xS.sub.ySe.sub.2y; wherein 0<x<1 and 0<y<2. The active material is configured as one or more layered nanostructures having exposed layer edges. A metal catalyst is disposed on the active material. The combined structure of active material and metal catalyst is disposed in the water to be treated. The excitation is provided to the active material to generate one or more reactive oxygen species by dissociation of water, wherein the reactive oxygen species provide water treatment.

The invention relates to a carbon-containing nanomaterial comprising, in particular made up as, a network of carbon wall structures which enclose open or closed voids which has a density which can be as low as 0.2 mg per cm3 or lower. The nanomaterial of the invention is made up as a network of carbon wall structures. The carbon wall structures can be tubular, rod-like or in the form of webs or the like which have varying thickness and thus form a network structure, in particular a three-dimensional network structure constructed in the manner of a sponge.

Provided is a wastewater treatment process using an electrochemical electrode device. The electrochemical electrode device comprises at least one electrochemical electrode (30) comprising an appropriate electrode plate. The process comprises the following steps: causing water containing an undesired solute to pass through at least one electrochemical electrode (30); applying a direct current to the electrochemical electrode (30) to destroy the undesired solute in the water so as to output water having a lower concentration of the undesired solute. The direct current is adjusted via a specific power control procedure. The control procedure at least comprises the following cycle of an applied current sequence: a period of operation with a preset constant current flowing through an electrochemical electrode (30); applying a reverse constant current to reverse positive and negative electrodes while maintaining an absolute magnitude of the constant current; and a period of operation with the constant current flowing through the electrochemical electrode (30).

An automatic water faucet device 1 includes: an electrolysis tank 37 that electrolyzes water to generate electrolyzed water; a second water discharge part 13 for discharging the electrolyzed water, a second flow path 18 that extends from the electrolysis tank 37 to the second water discharge part 13; a second solenoid valve 28 that switches between supply and blocking of normal water with respect to the electrolysis tank 37, and a controller 40 that controls the electrolysis tank 37 and the second solenoid valve 28. The controller 40 energizes the electrolysis tank 37 to discharge the electrolyzed water and thereafter stops the energization of the electrolysis tank 37 and maintains an open state of the second solenoid valve 28, to stop the supply of the electrolyzed water to the second flow path 18 and to supply normal water to the second flow path 18.

Contaminants are filtered from a fluid flow stream and the filter is regenerated by a process including steps of: providing a filter material comprising both carbon and potassium iodide; passing a contaminated fluid stream in contact with the filter material; adsorbing contaminants from the fluid stream onto surfaces in the filter material; passing an electric current through the filter material with adsorbed contaminant thereon; disassociating contaminant from the surfaces of the filter material; and removing disassociated contaminant from the filter material by carrying away the disassociated contaminant in a fluid flow mass.

There is provided an electrolysis device configured to use unpurified water containing a small amount of ions of alkaline earth metal such as Ca and Mg as raw water, and to have a structure of supplying the raw water to a cathode chamber in which deposition of scale of the alkaline earth metal on the surface of a cathode provided in the cathode chamber can be prevented. The electrolysis device and the apparatus for producing electrolyzed ozone water are configured by an electrolysis cell formed in a manner that a membrane-electrode assembly is configured by a solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane formed by a cation exchange membrane, and an anode and a cathode which are respectively adhered to both surfaces of the solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane, and the membrane-electrode assembly is compressed from both surfaces thereof, and thus the solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane, the anode, and the cathode are adhered to each other. A porous conductive metallic material having flexibility and having multiple fine voids therein is used as the cathode, and scale which is mainly formed of hydroxide of alkaline earth metal is stored in fine voids in the cathode, and thus localized deposition of hydroxide of the alkaline earth metal at a contact interface between the cathode and the solid polymer electrolyte separation membrane is prevented.

An electrochemical system and method are disclosed for On Site Generation (OSG) of oxidants, such as free available chlorine, mixed oxidants and persulfate. Operation at high current density, using at least a diamond anode, provides for higher current efficiency, extended lifetime operation, and improved cost efficiency. High current density operation, in either a single pass or recycle mode, provides for rapid generation of oxidants, with high current efficiency, which potentially allows for more compact systems. Beneficially, operation in reverse polarity for a short cleaning cycle manages scaling, provides for improved efficiency and electrode lifetime and allows for use of impure feedstocks without requiring water softeners. Systems have application for generation of chlorine or other oxidants, including mixed oxidants providing high disinfection rate per unit of oxidant, e.g. for water treatment to remove microorganisms or for degradation of organics in industrial waste water.