A dyeing and welding process may be configured to convert a substrate into a welded substrate having at least some color imparted thereto via a dye and/or coloring agent by applying a process solvent having a dye and/or coloring agent therein to the substrate, wherein the process solvent interrupts one or more intermolecular force between one or more component in the substrate. The substrate may be configured as a natural fiber, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, and silk. The process solvent may include a binder, such as dissolved biopolymer (e.g., cellulose). After application of a process solvent comprised of a dye and/or coloring agent, the substrate may be exposed to a second application of a process solvent comprised of a binder, which second application may occur before or after a process temperature/pressure zone, process solvent recovery zone, and/or drying zone.

Consolidated carbon nanotube or graphene yarns and woven sheets are consolidated through the formation of a carbon hinder formed from the dehydration of sucrose. The resulting materials, on a macro-scale are lightweight and of a high specific modulus and/or strength. Sucrose is relatively inexpensive and readily available, and the process is therefore cost-effective.

Aqueous binder compositions with reduced rates of salt precipitation are described. The compositions may include a carbohydrate and a sequestrant for sequestering one or more multivalent ions (e.g., Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+, Ba.sup.2+, Al.sup.3+, Fe.sup.2+, Fe.sup.3+, etc.). The sequestrant reduces a precipitation rate for the multivalent ions from the aqueous binder composition. Methods of reducing salt precipitation from a binder composition are also described. The methods may include the steps of providing an aqueous binder solution having one or more carbohydrates. They may also include adding a sequestrant for one or more multivalent ions to the aqueous binder solution. The sequestrant reduces a precipitation rate for the multivalent ions from the binder composition.

Aqueous binder compositions with reduced rates of salt precipitation are described. The compositions may include a carbohydrate and a sequestrant for sequestering one or more multivalent ions (e.g., Ca.sup.2+, Mg.sup.2+, Ba.sup.2+, Al.sup.3+, Fe.sup.2+, Fe.sup.3+, etc.). The sequestrant reduces a precipitation rate for the multivalent ions from the aqueous binder composition. Methods of reducing salt precipitation from a binder composition are also described. The methods may include the steps of providing an aqueous binder solution having one or more carbohydrates. They may also include adding a sequestrant for one or more multivalent ions to the aqueous binder solution. The sequestrant reduces a precipitation rate for the multivalent ions from the binder composition.

Consolidated carbon nanotube or graphene yarns and woven sheets are consolidated through the formation of a carbon binder formed from the dehydration of sucrose. The resulting materials, on a macro-scale are lightweight and of a high specific modulus and/or strength. Sucrose is relatively inexpensive and readily available, and the process is therefore cost-effective.

Provided is a method for preparing an electrothermal heating sheet from carbon fiber braided fabric scraps, including: cutting clumps of disordered carbon fiber braided fabric scraps into chopped carbon fibers; washing the chopped carbon fibers by separately using acetone and deionized water, and drying; preparing a corresponding dispersion; adding the chopped carbon fibers to the dispersion, and fully dispersing; performing vacuum filtration by using a double-layer metal screen, and drying to obtain a chopped carbon fiber felt; cutting the chopped carbon fiber felt, sticking electrodes to two ends of the chopped carbon fiber felt, and covering thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) sheets on front and back surfaces of the chopped carbon fiber felt to form a heating sheet product having electrothermal performance and electromagnetic shielding performance. The direct discarding of the carbon fiber braided fabric scraps and the scraps resulting from cutting in the preparation process as wastes may result in not only great wasting of materials but also in environmental pollution. The method fully utilizes the carbon fiber braided fabric scraps and is low in cost, and the prepared product has excellent electrothermal performance and electromagnetic shielding performance.

Provided is a method for preparing an electrothermal heating sheet from carbon fiber braided fabric scraps, including: cutting clumps of disordered carbon fiber braided fabric scraps into chopped carbon fibers; washing the chopped carbon fibers by separately using acetone and deionized water, and drying; preparing a corresponding dispersion; adding the chopped carbon fibers to the dispersion, and fully dispersing; performing vacuum filtration by using a double-layer metal screen, and drying to obtain a chopped carbon fiber felt; cutting the chopped carbon fiber felt, sticking electrodes to two ends of the chopped carbon fiber felt, and covering thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) sheets on front and back surfaces of the chopped carbon fiber felt to form a heating sheet product having electrothermal performance and electromagnetic shielding performance. The direct discarding of the carbon fiber braided fabric scraps and the scraps resulting from cutting in the preparation process as wastes may result in not only great wasting of materials but also in environmental pollution. The method fully utilizes the carbon fiber braided fabric scraps and is low in cost, and the prepared product has excellent electrothermal performance and electromagnetic shielding performance.

An example method includes combining an interlayer and a carbon fiber fabric, wherein the interlayer comprises a highly oriented milled carbon fiber ply comprising a plurality of out-of-plane carbon fibers. The method further includes winding the interlayer and the carbon fiber fabric around a core to form a composite fiber preform comprising a plurality of layers defining an annulus extending along a central axis. The method further includes densifying the composite fiber preform.

A fire-protecting insulation product has air-laid mineral wool fibres and a binder. The binder is the result of curing a binder composition comprising at least one hydrocolloid. The product further comprises a particulate endothermic material.

The invention relates to a mineral wool product comprising mineral fibers bonded by a cured binder wherein the binder in its uncured state comprises at least one protein and at least one enzyme.