An image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor, a charging member, a voltage applier, a rubbing member, a process executor, a current detector, a characteristic deriver and a process controller. The rubbing member is arranged in contact with a surface of the photoconductor to rub the surface. The process executor executes a refresh process of causing the rubbing member to rub the surface for a predetermined time by supplying toner to the rubbing member. The current detector detects a current value of a current flowing from the charging member to the photoconductor. The characteristic deriver derives an electrical characteristic of discharge products adhering to the surface on the basis of an oscillating voltage applied to the charging member by the voltage applier and the current value. The process controller determines whether or not to re-execute the refresh process according to the electrical characteristic when the refresh process is finished.

Examples of refreshing a photoconductive layer in an image forming apparatus are described. In one example, a method includes performing a first refreshing cycle comprising applying, at a first refresh unit, a first refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer and applying, at a second refresh unit, a second refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer. A second refreshing cycle is performed including applying, at the first refresh unit, a third refresh voltage to the photoconductive layer, the third refresh voltage being higher than the first refresh voltage and higher than the second refresh voltage. Each of the first and second refreshing cycles electrically bias the photoconductive layer to a refresh polarity opposite to a print polarity applied during a print routine of the image forming apparatus.

There is demand to reduce the amount of developing agent fed to a cleaning member. The amount of developing agent that is fed to the cleaning member is decided based on the amount of developing agent recovered by the cleaning member or the amount of use of a process cartridge.

In an example implementation, a method of cleaning a silicon photoconductor includes contacting the silicon photoconductor with a base-peroxide solution, rinsing the silicon photoconductor with a liquid, and heating the silicon photoconductor to evaporate the liquid.

A cartridge includes a cleaning member configured to retain specific particles having a smaller equivalent sphere diameter than toner particles at a contact region. The specific particles contain an organosilicon polymer having a partial structure represented by RSiO.sub.3/2, wherein R represents an alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms. The atomic concentration dSi of silicon in the specific particles satisfies 1.0 atomic %dSi29.0 atomic % when the total atomic concentration of silicon, oxygen, and carbon in the specific particles is measured to be 100.0 atomic % by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). Also, the specific particles satisfy L2/L33/4 or L2/L34/3 when assuming that the specific particles have three lengths L1, L2, and L3 in three axis directions in a three-dimensional coordinate system, wherein L1 is the longest one of the three lengths, in an average value of a unit volume.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoreceptor that includes a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and an inorganic surface layer arranged in that order, the inorganic surface layer containing a group 13 element and oxygen; a charging unit; an electrostatic image-forming unit; a developing unit; a transfer unit; a cleaning unit that performs cleaning by causing the cleaning blade to contact the surface of the photoreceptor; and a supply unit that supplies a fatty acid metal salt to a position where the cleaning blade in the cleaning unit contacts the photoreceptor. When the fatty acid metal salt is supplied, a portion of the surface of the photoreceptor downstream of the supply unit and upstream of the cleaning unit in a rotating direction of the photoreceptor is covered with a metal derived from the fatty acid metal salt at a coverage of about 40% or more.

A tandem type electrophotographic image forming device using an organic photoreceptor, includes a plurality of image forming units each including at least: an electrostatic latent image former; a developer; a lubricant supplier; and a cleaner, wherein at least one combination composed of the two adjacent image forming units including toners having different colors satisfies the following formula (1) if a universal hardness of an organic photoreceptor A included in the image forming unit disposed on an upstream side is represented by Ha, and a universal hardness of an organic photoreceptor B included in the image forming unit disposed on a downstream side is represented by Hb.

[Numerical formula 1]

HbHa10 N/mm.sup.2(1)

The present invention relates to a solid lubricant to be coated on an image bearing member included in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus. The solid lubricant contains a resin particle and metal soap. The resin particle includes a particle body containing an amorphous resin as a principal component, and a fluorine atom supported on a surface of the particle body. The resin particle is a particle having a volume average particle size of 70 nm or more. The solid lubricant can sufficiently increase a cleaning effect in the image forming apparatus.

An image forming apparatus includes a photoconductor, a charging member, a voltage applier, a rubbing member, a process executor, a current detector, a characteristic deriver and a process controller. The rubbing member is arranged in contact with a surface of the photoconductor to rub the surface. The process executor executes a refresh process of causing the rubbing member to rub the surface for a predetermined time by supplying toner to the rubbing member. The current detector detects a current value of a current flowing from the charging member to the photoconductor. The characteristic deriver derives an electrical characteristic of discharge products adhering to the surface on the basis of an oscillating voltage applied to the charging member by the voltage applier and the current value. The process controller determines whether or not to re-execute the refresh process according to the electrical characteristic when the refresh process is finished.

A driving device is used in an image reading apparatus, and reciprocates a scanning unit for reading an image on an original. The driving device comprises a pull member, a driving pulley which transmits driving force to the pull member, a following pulley which applies tension to the pull member and a pulley holder having a pulley axis which holds the following pulley rotatably. Then, the pulley axis has a lock pawl capable of locking an upper end portion of the following pulley and canceling engagement with the following pulley by being tilted toward a side of an axial center by elastic deformation. Furthermore, the lock pawl is arranged at a side of a tension acting direction from the pull member to the following pulley except the farthest position from the driving pulley among positions in a circumferential direction of the pulley axis. It is possible to attach and detach the following pulley easily at a time of maintenance or the like.