An image forming apparatus includes: a latent image bearing body on which a latent image is formed; a lubricant supplying unit configured to supply lubricant to the latent image bearing body; a developing unit configured to develop the latent image as a toner image by supplying the lubricant taken in from the latent image bearing body to the latent image bearing body together with charged toner; a transfer unit configured to transfer the toner image to an image bearing body at a transfer position by applying a transfer voltage to the toner image; and a control unit configured to control application of the transfer voltage, wherein the lubricant is charged to a polarity opposite to a charging polarity of the toner, and based on an area ratio of a transferred image and the number of transferred sheets, the control unit controls the transfer voltage to be applied.

Methods for lubricating an imaging member include applying lubricant-containing capsules to the surface of the imaging member via a non-contact applicator. The capsules are applied upstream of a cleaning blade after image transfer to another substrate, such that the cleaning blade ruptures the capsules, thereby releasing the lubricant contained therein.

An image forming apparatus includes an image carrying member, a developing device, a cleaning unit and a processor. The developing device performs development with a developer containing a toner and a lubricant. The processor obtains information on a lubricant amount in the developing device; obtains, with respect to each section formed by dividing a surface of the image carrying member in a rotating shaft direction of the image carrying member, a partial coverage from electrostatic latent image writing information for a predetermined period about the section; sets, for the section having the partial coverage of a predetermined value or less, a developer supply amount for a patch to be formed outside an image forming region on the image carrying member, based on the above information; and causes the developing device to supply the set developer supply amount so that the patch is formed.

An image forming apparatus includes: a latent image carrier; an image forming unit configured to form, on the latent image carrier, a toner image using a developer including a toner and a lubricating external additive charged with an opposite polarity to a charge polarity of the toner; a transfer device configured to electrostatically transfer, at a transfer position, the toner image formed by the image forming unit to a transfer medium; and a cleaning device configured to remove the toner remaining on the latent image carrier after passing the transfer position. The transfer device is configured to control a transfer voltage applied at the transfer position, based on an area ratio of an image to be printed.

An image forming apparatus includes: a rotatable image carrier; an image forming unit configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the image carrier based on information defining at least one of a toner region and a non-toner region; a development unit configured to develop the electrostatic latent image as a toner image; a cleaning unit configured to remove toner remaining on the image carrier, after transfer of the toner image; an application unit configured to apply lubricant on the image carrier; and a hardware processor configured to control an amount of the lubricant applied, calculate a ratio of a toner region for each of regions obtained by dividing a surface of the image carrier in a direction perpendicular to a rotation direction of the image carrier, and control the amount of the lubricant applied according to a difference between a maximum value and a minimum value of the ratio.

A lubricant applicator includes a lubricant, a supply member contactable against the lubricant to supply the lubricant to a target, and a lubricant gauge to detect whether an amount of lubricant remaining is less than a threshold value. The lubricant gauge includes a rotary member rotatable about a shaft, a pressing member to press and rotate the rotary member as the lubricant is consumed, a contact part of the rotary member pressed by the pressing member, and a detection part of the rotary member opposite to the contact part across the shaft of the rotary member.

An image forming apparatus having: an image supporting member; an electrostatic latent image forming section; and a developing device. In the developing device, a supply member receives toner, polish and antifriction at a supply part. The supply member supplies the toner, the polish and the antifriction to a developing roller while conveying the toner, the polish and the antifriction in a predetermined direction along a rotation axis of the image supporting member. A developing roller develops an electrostatic latent image by supplying the toner, the polish and the antifriction to the image supporting member. A toner patch is formed on the image supporting member, in a facing area capable of facing the developing roller, such that the amount of toner adhering to the image supporting member decreases with increasing distance in the predetermined direction from the supply part. A cleaner removes the toner patch from the image supporting member.

A device disposed opposing an image bearer includes a roller to rotate while contacting a surface of the image bearer, a rolling bearing fitted around a shaft located at an end of the roller in an axial direction of the roller, a frame to house the roller, and a bearing support removably attached to the frame. The rolling bearing includes an outer ring, an inner ring, and a rolling element disposed between the outer ring and the inner ring. The bearing support holds, from an outer-ring side, the rolling bearing interposed between the bearing support and the frame. The bearing support includes a receiving portion to contact the outer ring of the rolling bearing and bias the rolling bearing toward the frame in a direction in which the rolling bearing is interposed between the bearing support and the frame.

An image bearer protective agent is provided. The image bearer protective agent includes a fatty acid metal salt and an inorganic lubricant. The inorganic lubricant includes a first inorganic lubricant having a tap density of from 0.30 to 0.8 g/cm.sup.2.

A driving device is used in an image reading apparatus, and reciprocates a scanning unit for reading an image on an original. The driving device comprises a pull member, a driving pulley which transmits driving force to the pull member, a following pulley which applies tension to the pull member and a pulley holder having a pulley axis which holds the following pulley rotatably. Then, the pulley axis has a lock pawl capable of locking an upper end portion of the following pulley and canceling engagement with the following pulley by being tilted toward a side of an axial center by elastic deformation. Furthermore, the lock pawl is arranged at a side of a tension acting direction from the pull member to the following pulley except the farthest position from the driving pulley among positions in a circumferential direction of the pulley axis. It is possible to attach and detach the following pulley easily at a time of maintenance or the like.