Devices and methods for detecting a disinfecting state are described. An example of a sensor device is disclosed to include: a housing; a radiation sensitive material disposed on one or more portions of an external surface of the housing; a sensor configured to measure intensity information associated with ultraviolet (UV) radiation of a first frequency band; a controller configured to record the intensity information, temporal information associated with measuring the intensity information, or both; and a transceiver device configured to transmit and receive radio frequency (RF) signals.

A system, apparatus and method of improved measurement of the SPF factor of sunscreen compositions. In one embodiment, a method of measuring the protection of a sunscreen composition includes exposing skin to a known intensity of light, measuring the amount of remitted light from the skin, applying sunscreen to the skin, exposing the skin to which the sunscreen has been applied the known intensity of emitted light of the spectrum of light from which the sunscreen is intended to protect the skin, measuring the amount of light remitted from the skin, and calculating a UltraViolet-A Protection Factor (UVA-PF) of the sunscreen by comparing the amount of light remitted from the skin with the sunscreen to the amount of light remitted from the skin without the sunscreen.

The invention provides for a system for in vivo real time measurement of NADH recovery kinetics, comprising: 1) a specific pulse sequence to non-destructively, yet effectively, photobleach NADH for measurement of NADH recovery kinetics; 2) illumination light parameters to acquire NADH fluorescence before and after photobleaching, without causing fluorescence bleaching artifacts, for measurement of NADH recovery kinetics; and 3) configurations for devices capable of photobleaching NADH by at least 10% within tissues for effective measurement of NADH recovery kinetics in tissues within a living subject or excised tissues and organs.

The present disclosure provides an ultraviolet radiation control system and a related method for control an ultraviolet radiation in a lithographic apparatus. The ultraviolet radiation control system comprises a housing; a conversion crystal (540), disposed on or in the housing, configured to convert an ultraviolet radiation to a fluorescent radiation; a plurality of photodetectors (550) configured to detect an intensity of a scattered portion of the fluorescent radiation; and at least one diffusive surface (545), disposed on or in the conversion crystal, configured to increase the intensity of the scattered portion of the fluorescent radiation.

Optimal information in consideration with time series environmental factors is provided to users. The information processing apparatus includes a retrieve module configured to retrieve environmental information indicating an ultraviolet ray exposure amount indicating an amount of ultraviolet rays exposed to a user, a temperature of an environment where the user stays, and a humidity of the environment where the user stays, a present module configured to present first information relating to the skin condition of the user based on the environmental information, and a present module configured to present second information relating to the skin condition of the user based on environmental log information including a plurality of environmental information.

A control circuit for controlling a UV light source configured to emit UV light into a purifying chamber of a device for purifying a fluid, the control circuit comprising a driver configured to provide the UV light source with a drive current; a fluid flow sensor configured to determine whether a flow of a fluid through the purifying chamber is present and generate a flow signal indicative thereof; a light sensor configured to measure radiant flux of light emitted from the UV light source and to generate a radiant flux signal comprising data pertaining to the measured radiant flux; a memory comprising a reference radiant flux; and a processor configured to: activate the UV light source upon the flow signal being indicative of presence of flow of fluid through the purifying chamber, during the UV light source being active: determine the drive current for the driver based on the measured radiant flux comprised in the radiant flux signal and the reference radiant flux.

Composite material can include a matrix material, a fiber dispersed in the matrix material, and an ultraviolet (UV)-light sensitive mechanophore grafted to a surface of the fiber. A method for making a fiber-reinforced polymer composite can include contacting a fiber in a first solution, rinsing and then drying intermediate fiber, contacting dried fiber in a third solution, rinsing, and then drying the rinsed fiber thereby generating functionalized fiber that is sensitive to ultraviolet light. The functionalized fiber can be combined with a polymer matrix material, cured, and irradiated, thereby generating a fiber-reinforced polymer composite.

An ultraviolet optical system includes an objective lens group that captures ultraviolet light for each angle from an ultraviolet light source and forms an intermediate image, and an imaging lens group that re-images the intermediate image. Neither the objective lens group nor the imaging lens group has a cemented surface, and all lenses included in the objective lens group and in the imaging lens group are single lenses that transmit ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 300 mn or shorter. A light distribution measuring apparatus includes the ultraviolet optical system and a sensor, and outputs light distribution of the ultraviolet light source by using a signal obtained by the sensor. The ultraviolet optical system is positioned such that the intermediate image is re-imaged on a light receiving sensor surface, and the sensor has light receiving sensitivity to ultraviolet light having a wavelength of 300 nm or shorter.

A system and method for testing an effect of light exposure on a skin sample include a solar simulator arranged to administer a combination of visible light (VL) and long wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVA1) to the skin sample. The solar simulator includes a lamp for generating a light beam and at least one customized filter for receiving the light beam and emitting a VL+UVA1 spectral output having a wavelength range of 370-700 nm for irradiating the skin sample.

A Far UV C excimer bulb assembly including an excimer bulb, and at least two filters. The excimer bulb emits a path of light in at least two wavelengths. The at least two filters remove all wavelengths of light that are hazardous to human tissue. The at least two filters may each be placed perpendicular to the path of the light generated by the excimer bulb. The at least two filters may be a single, curved or cylindrical filter. The assembly may further include a mirror which may also be curved.