The present disclosure provides a fluorescent nitrogen-vacancy diamond (FNVD) having a plurality of nitrogen-vacancy centers with a concentration about 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm. The FNVD as built-in fluorophores exhibit a nearly constant emission profile over 540 nm to 850 nm upon excitation by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and X-rays for the energy larger than 6.2 eV. Applying the FNVD sensor can measure VUV/EUV/X-rays as a sensing sheet, manufacturing method and uses thereof, sensor and lithography apparatus. The superb photostability and broad applicability of FNVDs offer a promising solution for the long-standing problem of lacking robust and reliable detectors for VUV, EUV, and X-rays.

Ultraviolet (UV) light emission devices and related methods of use. The UV light emission devices disclosed herein are particularly suited for use in disinfecting surfaces and air. The UV light emission devices disclosed herein can be provided in the form factor of a handheld device that is easily held and manipulated by a human user. The human user can manipulate the handheld UV light emission device to decontaminate surfaces, air, and other areas by orienting the handheld UV light emission device so that the UV light emitted from its light source is directed to the area of interest to be decontaminated.

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to a wearable UV sensor for detecting a dose of an electromagnetic radiation, the wearable UV sensor comprising: (a) a polymer substrate comprising at least one polymer and at least one UV radiation exposure indicator; and (b) an adhesive, wherein exposure of the wearable UV sensor to the dose of the electromagnetic radiation produces a photochromic change in the polymer substrate. The present disclosure also relates to a method for determining a magnitude of a dose of UV radiation exposure, the method comprising: providing a wearable UV sensor comprising a polymer substrate, a UV radiation exposure indicator, and optionally an adhesive layer; exposing the wearable UV sensor to at least one dose of an electromagnetic radiation to form an irradiated wearable UV sensor, wherein the exposing results in a photochromic change by the wearable UV sensor; and determining the magnitude of the at least one dose of electromagnetic radiation.

A system for monitoring ultraviolet (UV) exposure of a wearer. The system comprises a wearable device operable to sense UV radiation levels to which the wearer is exposed, and to transmit UV radiation information. The system further comprises an external computing device in remote communication with the wearable device, operable to receive the UV radiation information from the wearable device and configured to determine the wearer's real-time UV index value and the wearer's daily cumulative percentage of minimal erythema dose based upon the UV radiation information.

A system and a method for irradiating an object and potentially for controlling the irradiation or other conditions relating to an effect of the irradiation. A sensor is translated along a longitudinal direction of the radiation emitter and in a space between the radiation emitter and the objects irradiated to arrive at information relating to a parameter relating to the effect of the irradiation, such as the radiation, and derived in the space between the radiation emitter and the objects irradiated. Calibrating the sensor readings and adjusting the radiating emitter output, thereby controlling the irradiation.

Provided is a method and an apparatus for indicating minimum exposure of a surface to UVC light emitted by a source during a decontamination process to achieve a desired level of pathogen reduction. The apparatus includes a photochromic material to be applied to, or applied adjacent to the surface. The photochromic material is to exhibit a visible response to receiving the minimum exposure to the UVC light, and exhibit the visible response to a lesser extent after the photochromic material ceases to be exposed to the UVC light emitted by the source. A protective layer of material that is substantially transparent to the UVC light emitted by the source is positioned over the photochromic material to be disposed between the source and the photochromic material during the decontamination process.

A system includes multiple devices configured to emit and detect germicidal radiation. Each of the multiple devices operates in emitting mode when connected to a drive source in a forward bias configuration and operates in detecting mode when disconnected from the drive source or when connected to the drive source in a reverse bias configuration. Cycling circuitry generates a sequence of control signals that control switching circuitry to change the connections of the devices to the drive source in a cycle in which one or more of the multiple devices are switched to detecting mode and senses radiation emitted by one or more of the multiple devices simultaneously operating in emitting mode. Each device operating in detecting mode generates a signal in response to the sensed radiation. Detection circuitry detects signals of the devices operating in detecting mode and generates a detection output in response to the detected signals.

A method is provided. The method comprises receiving a signal representative of a first combined spectrophotometric response of a substrate and deposited colorant. The first combined spectrophotometric response is indicative of a combined reflectance of the substrate and deposited colorant under a first illumination condition. The method further comprises determining, from the received signal, and from a contribution term indicative of an effect of ultra-violet, UV, light on a combined reflectance of the substrate and deposited colorant, an estimate for a second combined spectrophotometric response of the substrate and deposited colorant under a second illumination condition. The first illumination condition or the second illumination condition is a UV-cut illumination condition.

The disclosure relates to an apparatus including a UV camera configured for capturing reflected ultraviolet light of the subject and outputting image data, wherein the surface of the subject includes at least one part of an area covered by a sunscreen substance or not covered by the sunscreen substance; a UV detector coupled to the UV camera, for detecting the ambient ultraviolet intensity around the subject; and a supplement light configured to be activated according to the ultraviolet intensity detected by the UV detector.

A system and a method for measuring ultraviolet ray protection of a cosmetic material. In an embodiment, the system for measuring the ultraviolet ray protection of a cosmetic material includes: a light source for emitting light including ultraviolet bands; a transparent plate through which the lights emitted from the light source pass, and having one surface to which a cosmetic material to be tested is applied; a wavelength conversion film, which changes, to a predetermined size, the light, of an ultraviolet band, of the light having passed through the transparent plate and makes the same pass therethrough; and a photosensitive sheet, which accommodates the light having passed through the wavelength conversion film and has a photosensitive property for light of UVA and UVB bands among the ultraviolet bands.