An electromagnetic wave detector, which photoelectrically converts and detects an electromagnetic wave incident on a graphene layer, including: a substrate having a front surface and a back surface; a lower insulating layer provided on the front surface of the substrate; a ferroelectric layer and a pair of electrodes provided on the lower insulating layer, the pair of electrodes arranged to face each other with the ferroelectric layer sandwiched therebetween; an upper insulating layer provided on the ferroelectric layer; and a graphene layer arranged on the lower insulating layer and the upper insulating layer to connect the two electrodes. Alternatively, the electromagnetic wave detector includes: a graphene layer provided on the lower insulating layer; and a ferroelectric layer provided on the graphene layer with an upper insulating layer interposed therebetween and a pair of electrodes provided on the graphene layer to face each other with the ferroelectric layer sandwiched therebetween.

To provide a solid-state light-receiving device for ultraviolet light which can measure the amount of irradiation with ultraviolet light harmful to the human body using a simplified structure and properly and accurately, which can be readily integrated with a sensor of a peripheral circuit, which is small, light-weight, and low-cost, and which is suitable for mobile or wearable purposes. One solution is a solid-state light-receiving device for ultraviolet light which is provided with a first photodiode (1), a second photodiode (2), and a differential circuit which receives respective signals based on outputs from these photodiodes, wherein a position of the maximum concentration of a semiconductor impurity is provided in each of the photodiodes (1,2) and in a semiconductor layer region formed on each photodiode, and an optically transparent layer having a different wavelength selectivity is provided on a light-receiving surface of each photodiode.

A mirror array, at least some of the mirrors of the array comprising a reflective surface and an arm which extends from a surface opposite to the reflective surface, wherein the mirror array further comprises a support structure provided with a plurality of sensing apparatuses, the sensing apparatuses being configured to measure gaps between the sensing apparatuses and the arms which extend from the mirrors.

Eyewear having monitoring capability, such as for radiation, is disclosed. Radiation, such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, infrared (IR) radiation or light, can be measured by a detector. The measured radiation can then be used in providing radiation-related information to a user of the eyewear. Advantageously, the user of the eyewear is able to easily monitor their exposure to radiation.

An imaging system includes: an image sensor sensitive to ultraviolet light and visible light; a lens configured to focus light from a subject onto the image sensor; and an image processor configured to process image signals output from the image sensor. The image processor obtains the difference between image signals A1 and A2 output from the image sensor at times t1 and t2, respectively. If the differential signal A3 is greater than or equal to a predetermined value, the image processor determines that light from the subject contains the ultraviolet light, and generates an image signal CI based on the differential signal A3.

A system, apparatus and method of improved measurement of the SPF factor of sunscreen compositions. In one embodiment, a method of measuring the protection of a sunscreen composition includes exposing skin to a known intensity of light, measuring the amount of remitted light from the skin, applying sunscreen to the skin, exposing the skin to which the sunscreen has been applied the known intensity of emitted light of the spectrum of light from which the sunscreen is intended to protect the skin, measuring the amount of light remitted from the skin, and calculating a UltraViolet-A Protection Factor (UVA-PF) of the sunscreen by comparing the amount of light remitted from the skin with the sunscreen to the amount of light remitted from the skin without the sunscreen.

A photoionization detector (100) comprises an ultraviolet radiation source (130); one or more detector electrodes (204 and 205); and a shielding material (206) located between the ultraviolet radiation source (130) and the one or more detector electrodes (204 and 205), wherein the ultraviolet radiation (240) does not directly impinge on any part of the one or more detector electrodes (204 and 205). A method for gas detection comprises exposing a photoionization detector (100) to an environment containing a target gas; and shielding the one or more detector electrodes (204 and 205) from direct impingement from the ultraviolet radiation (240) via the shielding material (206).

A first member made of an insulating material and a jig with a protrusion narrowing toward a distal end side are prepared, and at least one of the first member and the jig is heated to a temperature at which the first member can melt and deform. After the jig is brought into contact with the first member with the first member and the plurality of protrusions facing each other, the jig is removed, and an intermediate body is formed including the first member formed with a plurality of recesses, and a plurality of conductive members passing through the first member and projecting into the recesses. A second member is prepared, openings of the plurality of recesses are closed, and the second member is hermetically joined to the intermediate body to form a plurality of internal spaces where electron is emitted, and forming a joined body.

According to one embodiment, a superconducting element used as a pixel for detecting a particle is disclosed. The superconducting element includes at least one superconducting strip. The at least one superconducting strip includes a meandering structure. The meandering structure includes a first portion extending in a first direction and made of a superconducting material, a second portion connected to the first portion, extending in a second direction perpendicular to the first direction, and being conductive, and a third portion connected to the second portion, extending in a direction opposite to the first direction, and made of a superconducting material. A superconducting region of any one of the first portion and the third portion is configured to be divided when the particle is radiated to the first portion.

System and methods for accurate measurement and real-time feedback of solar ultraviolet exposure for management of ultraviolet dose. The systems can include a wearable device and a mobile device, the system performing accurate measurement of UV exposure.