A system capable of detecting and/or sterilizing surface(s) of an object using ultraviolet radiation is provided. The system can include a disinfection chamber and/or handheld ultraviolet unit, which includes ultraviolet sources for inducing fluorescence in a contaminant and/or sterilizing a surface of an object. The object can comprise a protective suit, which is worn by a user and also can include ultraviolet sources for disinfecting air prior to the air entering the protective suit. The system can be implemented as a multi-tiered system for protecting the user and others from exposure to the contaminant and sterilizing the protective suit after exposure to an environment including the contaminant.

In a laser produced plasma (LPP) extreme ultraviolet (EUV) system, a droplet is irradiated by a laser pulse to produce a plasma in a chamber. This generates forces that cause the plasma to destabilize and subsequent droplets to have their flight trajectory and speed altered as they approach the plasma. This destabilization is detectable from oscillations in the amount of EUV energy generated. To reduce the oscillations by stabilizing the plasma and travel of the droplets, a proportional-integral (PI) controller algorithm is used to modify an energy of subsequent laser pulses based on the EUV energy generated in the chamber. By modifying the energy of subsequent laser pulses, the plasma stabilizes, which reduces effects on droplet flight and stabilizes the amount of EUV energy generated, allowing the plasma chamber to operate for longer intervals and to lower the amount of reserve power maintained by a laser source.

An integrated device for detection of the UV-index is provided with: a photodetector, which generates a detection quantity as a function of a detected UV radiation; and a processing stage, which is coupled to the photodetector and supplies at output a detected value of the UV-index, on the basis of the detection quantity. The processing stage processes the detection quantity on the basis of an adjustment factor, to supply at output the detected value of the UV-index and is further provided with an adjustment stage, coupled to the processing stage for adjusting the value of the adjustment factor.

A flame sensor detects the presence of a flame in a combustion system in which the flame emits light. The flame sensor includes a body connectable with the combustion system. A photodetector is supported in the body. The photodetector responds to light emitted by the flame and generates an electrical signal proportional to an intensity of the light. A window is supported in the body and located between the combustion system and photodetector. The window is susceptible to contamination from the combustion system and the contamination may decrease sensitivity of the photodetector. A light source is supported in the body. The light source emits light so that a predetermined amount of the light emitted by the light source reflects into the photodetector when contamination is present on the window and the photodetector generates a signal indicative of contamination on the window.

A method of making an ultraviolet sensor includes applying a metal-containing solution to a substrate using a spin coating technique to form a metal-containing coat. The metal-containing coat is baked and pyrolyzed to form a metal-containing oxide film on the substrate. The metal-containing oxide film has a cubic crystalline structure suitable for ultraviolet photodetectors in flame detection applications.

A flame detector includes a UV sensor sensitive to solar UV radiation and a secondary sensor sensitive to non-UV radiation. A controller is operatively connected to the UV sensor and the secondary sensor to: signal an alarm in response to receiving input from the UV sensor indicative of a strong UV source and input from the secondary sensor indicative of a weak non-UV radiation source; and suppress an alarm in response to receiving a signal from the UV sensor indicative of a strong UV source and a signal from the secondary sensor indicative of a strong non-UV radiation source.

In accordance with at least one aspect of this disclosure, an ultraviolet radiation (UV) sensor includes a UV sensitive material and a first electrode and a second electrode connected in series through the UV sensitive material such that UV radiation can reach the UV sensitive material. The UV sensitive material can include at least one of zinc tin oxide, magnesium oxide, magnesium zinc oxide, or zinc oxide. The electrodes can be interdigitated comb electrodes.

A device (1), such as a detector or imaging device, for detecting ultraviolet light, is described. The device comprises a housing (4) for a chamber. Disposed within the housing is a charge carrier multiplier structure (9) comprising a dielectric sheet (10) having first and second opposite faces (11, 12) and having an array of holes (16) traversing the dielectric sheet between the first and second faces. The device includes a photocathode (13) supported on the first face of the dielectric sheet, having a work function of less than 6 eV. The device includes an anode (14) supported on the second face of the dielectric sheet.

A flame detector includes an ultraviolet (UV) sensor to detect UV radiation emitted by a flame; a testing apparatus to periodically test function of the flame detector. The testing apparatus includes a UV light emitting diode (UVLED) emitter to emit a test signal and a mirror to reflect the test signal emitted from the UVLED emitter to the UV sensor. A method of testing an ultraviolet (UV) flame detector includes transmitting a test signal from a UV light emitting diode (UVLED) emitter. The test signal is reflected toward a UV sensor of the flame detector, and the test signal received at the UV sensor is evaluated.

An optical sensing device and a method for manufacturing the same are provided. The optical sensing device comprises a substrate, an optical acting area, a filter layer and a carbonized sidewall. The optical acting area is disposed on the substrate. The filter layer covers the optical acting area and selectively allows only a light beam with a specific wavelength to pass therethrough and be received by the optical acting area while blocking the light beams with other wavelengths. The carbonized sidewall covers the sidewall of the filter layer and a portion of the sidewall of the substrate to prevent the light beams with the other wavelengths from being received by the optical acting area through the sidewall of the substrate.