Techniques for determining an angle-of-arrival of a wireless transmission are provided, including receiving, with a first antenna, at least a first portion of a wireless transmission, determining when a second portion of the wireless transmission will be received, switching to the second antenna to receive the second portion of the wireless transmission, determining an angle of arrival of the wireless transmission based on the first portion and the second portion of the wireless transmission, and outputting the angle of arrival of the wireless transmission.

Techniques for determining an angle-of-arrival of a wireless transmission are provided, including receiving, with a first antenna, at least a first portion of a wireless transmission, determining when a second portion of the wireless transmission will be received, switching to the second antenna to receive the second portion of the wireless transmission, determining an angle of arrival of the wireless transmission based on the first portion and the second portion of the wireless transmission, and outputting the angle of arrival of the wireless transmission.

Beam alignment is a critical requirement in 5G-Advanced and 6G due to the high density of user devices anticipated in the coming years. However, prior-art beam alignment procedures are slow and costly in terms of resource usage. Therefore, disclosed herein are methods enabling a user device to determine the direction toward the base station rapidly at very low cost. The base station emits a tailored pulse with an angle-dependent phase, varying from a first phase at a first angle, to a second phase at a second angle, followed by a uniform-phase calibrator pulse. The user device can measure the as-received phase of the tailored pulse relative to the calibrator pulse, and thereby determine the user's direction relative to the base station. The user device can then inform the base station of the received phase, which is proportional to the angle. Both user and base station thereby obtain instant beam alignment.

Beam alignment is a critical requirement in 5G-Advanced and 6G due to the high density of user devices anticipated in the coming years. However, prior-art beam alignment procedures are slow and costly in terms of resource usage. Therefore, disclosed herein are methods enabling a user device to determine the direction toward the base station rapidly at very low cost. The base station emits a tailored pulse with an angle-dependent phase, varying from a first phase at a first angle, to a second phase at a second angle, followed by a uniform-phase calibrator pulse. The user device can measure the as-received phase of the tailored pulse relative to the calibrator pulse, and thereby determine the user's direction relative to the base station. The user device can then inform the base station of the received phase, which is proportional to the angle. Both user and base station thereby obtain instant beam alignment.

A method and apparatus for determining the range, radial velocity, and bearing angles of scattering objects reflecting RF signals or for determining the range, radial velocity, and bearing angles of sources RF signals. An array of antenna elements is utilized, the array of antenna elements each having an associated two state modulator wherein transmitted and/or received energy is phase encoded according to a sequence of multibit codes, the bits of the multibit codes each preferably having two states with approximately a 50% probability for each of the two states occurring within each given multibit code in said sequence of multibit codes, thereby allowing the determination of range, radial velocity, and bearing angles through digital computation after the scattered signals have been received.

A method and apparatus for determining the range, radial velocity, and bearing angles of scattering objects reflecting RF signals or for determining the range, radial velocity, and bearing angles of sources RF signals. An array of antenna elements is utilized, the array of antenna elements each having an associated two state modulator wherein transmitted and/or received energy is phase encoded according to a sequence of multibit codes, the bits of the multibit codes each preferably having two states with approximately a 50% probability for each of the two states occurring within each given multibit code in said sequence of multibit codes, thereby allowing the determination of range, radial velocity, and bearing angles through digital computation after the scattered signals have been received.

In an aspect, a first network node may receive, from a second network node, one or more reference signals transmitted using one or more first polarizations known to the first network node, wherein the one or more reference signals are received having one or more second polarizations. The first network node may determine whether the one or more reference signals followed a line-of-sight (LOS) path between the first network node and the second network node based on a comparison of signal characteristics related to the one or more first polarizations and signal characteristics related to the one or more second polarizations.

A direction finding antenna includes a substrate, a reflecting ring, and a plurality of radiating elements, wherein the substrate has a surface. The reflecting ring is disposed on the surface of the substrate and is formed by connecting a plurality of side wires and is a closed polygon. Each of the side wires forms a reflector. The radiating elements are disposed on the surface of the substrate and are respectively located on an outside of the side wires, and each of the radiating elements corresponds to one of the side wires. Each of the side wires and each of the corresponding radiating elements form an antenna structure, and the antenna structures face different directions, thereby providing the needed accuracy of direction finding in different directions.

Techniques for determining an angle-of-arrival of a wireless transmission are provided, including receiving, with a first antenna, at least a first portion of a wireless transmission, determining when a second portion of the wireless transmission will be received, switching to the second antenna to receive the second portion of the wireless transmission, determining an angle of arrival of the wireless transmission based on the first portion and the second portion of the wireless transmission, and outputting the angle of arrival of the wireless transmission.

Techniques for determining an angle-of-arrival of a wireless transmission are provided, including receiving, with a first antenna, at least a first portion of a wireless transmission, determining when a second portion of the wireless transmission will be received, switching to the second antenna to receive the second portion of the wireless transmission, determining an angle of arrival of the wireless transmission based on the first portion and the second portion of the wireless transmission, and outputting the angle of arrival of the wireless transmission.