Systems and methods include a communication gateway in a vehicle configured to establish a Bluetooth low energy (BLE) communication connection with a portable device and to instruct at least one sensor to perform ranging using impulse radio (IR) ultra-wide band (UWB) communication with the portable device based on information exchanged with the portable device via the BLE communication connection. A localization module configured to determine a location of the portable device based on the ranging performed by the at least one sensor with the portable device.

An angle processing method includes: sending an angle measurement capability request message to a second terminal; receiving a response message carrying angle measurement capability information of the second terminal fed back by the second terminal.

An angle processing method includes: sending an angle measurement capability request message to a second terminal; receiving a response message carrying angle measurement capability information of the second terminal fed back by the second terminal.

A communication device includes: a wireless communication unit configured to wirelessly receive signals from another communication device; and a control unit configured to correlate a first signal and a second signal, which is a signal corresponding to the first signal, received by the wireless communication unit at each specified time when the other communication device has transmitted a signal including a pulse as the first signal, convert a correlation calculation result that is a result of correlating the second signal and the first signal at each specified time into a format including a matrix product of a bin mode matrix that is a matrix including a plurality of elements indicating the correlation calculation result when it is assumed that a signal has been received at each of a plurality of set times and a plurality of set angles and an extended signal vector.

A communication device includes: a wireless communication unit configured to wirelessly receive signals from another communication device; and a control unit configured to correlate a first signal and a second signal, which is a signal corresponding to the first signal, received by the wireless communication unit at each specified time when the other communication device has transmitted a signal including a pulse as the first signal, convert a correlation calculation result that is a result of correlating the second signal and the first signal at each specified time into a format including a matrix product of a bin mode matrix that is a matrix including a plurality of elements indicating the correlation calculation result when it is assumed that a signal has been received at each of a plurality of set times and a plurality of set angles and an extended signal vector.

The invention relates to an anchor device for indoor localization. The anchor device comprises: an antenna array, a radio communicator part comprising at least one RF front end and a radio frequency (RF) switch for each RF front end, and a controller. The anchor device is configured to: receive OFDM signal comprising at least one DOA estimation OFDM symbol transmitted by a tag device being localized, wherein the at least one RF switch is configured to sample the received OFDM signal sequentially from the antenna elements of the antenna array, and wherein the number of the antenna elements is higher than the number of RF front ends times the number of the DOA estimation OFDM symbols; and apply a phase compensated DOA estimation to determine an estimate of the DOA comprising two angles of arrival and to compensate a phase shift caused by the sequential sampling of the received OFDM signal. The invention relates also to an indoor localization system, an indoor localization method, a computer program, a computer readable medium.

The invention relates to an anchor device for indoor localization. The anchor device comprises: an antenna array, a radio communicator part comprising at least one RF front end and a radio frequency (RF) switch for each RF front end, and a controller. The anchor device is configured to: receive OFDM signal comprising at least one DOA estimation OFDM symbol transmitted by a tag device being localized, wherein the at least one RF switch is configured to sample the received OFDM signal sequentially from the antenna elements of the antenna array, and wherein the number of the antenna elements is higher than the number of RF front ends times the number of the DOA estimation OFDM symbols; and apply a phase compensated DOA estimation to determine an estimate of the DOA comprising two angles of arrival and to compensate a phase shift caused by the sequential sampling of the received OFDM signal. The invention relates also to an indoor localization system, an indoor localization method, a computer program, a computer readable medium.

A relative angle acquisition unit (110) acquires a relative angle (31) between each base station of a plurality of base stations and a communication device. A provisional position calculation unit (120) calculates a position of the communication device as a provisional position (32), using the relative angle (31) and a position of each base station. A weight calculation unit (130) calculates a distance between each base station and the communication device, using the position of each base station and the provisional position, and calculates a weighting coefficient (33) for correcting the provisional position (32) for each base station, based on the distance between each base station and the communication device. A device position calculation unit (140) calculates the position of the communication device as a device position (34), using the relative angle (31), the position of each base station, and the weighting coefficient (33).

Systems and methods for radio access network (RAN)-based user equipment (UE) location determination in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are discussed herein. Round trip time (RTT) mechanisms, uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) mechanisms, and/or uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) mechanisms may be used between a UE and one or more NTN payloads operating a serving cell of a base station to provide the base station data used to determine a location of the UE. In some example, a single uplink (UL) reference signal is used in conjunction with multiple payloads, while in others multiple UL reference signals sent during different measurement instances are used with a single payload. The base station may not be dependent on certain core network (CN)-related functionality (e.g., an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) and/or an NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa)) to make this determination. In some embodiments, a determined location is used to verify a UE-reported location.

Systems and methods for radio access network (RAN)-based user equipment (UE) location determination in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are discussed herein. Round trip time (RTT) mechanisms, uplink angle of arrival (UL-AoA) mechanisms, and/or uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) mechanisms may be used between a UE and one or more NTN payloads operating a serving cell of a base station to provide the base station data used to determine a location of the UE. In some example, a single uplink (UL) reference signal is used in conjunction with multiple payloads, while in others multiple UL reference signals sent during different measurement instances are used with a single payload. The base station may not be dependent on certain core network (CN)-related functionality (e.g., an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) and/or an NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa)) to make this determination. In some embodiments, a determined location is used to verify a UE-reported location.