A toner for developing an electrostatic charge image contains toner particles containing at least one binder resin; the Mg element in an amount such that in an x-ray fluorescence analysis of the toner, the net intensity of the peak for the Mg element is 0.10 kcps or more and 1.20 kcps or less; and at least one external additive including particles of at least one compound represented by formula (1),
MTiO.sub.3  (1)
where M represents at least one selected from the group consisting of Ca, Sr, and Ba.

Disclosed herein is a toner composition, developer and additive for a toner composition. The toner composition includes toner particles having at least one resin, an optional colorant, an optional wax, and a crosslinked polymer particle on at least a portion of an external surface of the toner particles. The crosslinked polymeric particle on a surface of the toner particles includes at least a hydrophobic monomer comprising a non-fluorinated monomer having a carbon to oxygen (C/O) ratio of 3 or greater or a fluorinated monomer. The crosslinked polymer particle includes a second monomer comprising two or more vinyl groups present in an amount from about 8 wt % to about 40 wt % of the copolymer, a metal oxide and optionally a charge control agent monomer.

Described herein is a printed photovoltaic cell comprising an anode; an LEP printed cathode; and an LEP printed photovoltaic layer disposed between the anode and the cathode. The photovoltaic layer comprises a material with a perovskite structure having a chemical formula selected from ABX.sub.3 and A.sub.2BX.sub.6 and a thermoplastic resin comprising a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and a monomer having acidic side groups; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer and an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide; and/or a copolymer of an alkylene monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated monomer comprising an epoxide, and a monomer selected from a monomer having acidic side groups, a monomer having ester side groups and a mixture thereof. The printed cathode comprises: a thermoplastic resin; and electrically conductive metal particles. Also described herein is a method of producing the printed photovoltaic cell and an ink set for use in the method.

A toner includes a toner particle including a release agent, and a silica fine particle on a surface of the toner particle. Fragment ions corresponding to a D unit structure are observed in a specific measurement; when the silica fine particle is dispersed in a mixed solution of ethanol and aqueous solution of NaCl, followed by a titration operation using sodium hydroxide a titer is within a specific range; in a chemical shift obtained by a specific measurement, with D as an area of a peak having a peak top present in a range from -25 to -15 ppm, and with D1 as an area of a peak having a peak top present in a range of more than -19 ppm and -17 ppm or less, D and D1 are in a specific ratio. The release agent is present on the surface of the toner particle.

An image forming system uses: an organic photoreceptor; and a toner for electrostatic charge image development containing toner particles, wherein the organic photoreceptor has a protective layer containing a cured resin; the toner particle has a form in which at least one type of lubricant particle and at least one type of non-lubricant particle are contained or adhered on a surface of a plurality of convex portions or on a surface between the plurality of convex portions, of a toner base particle having the plurality of convex portions thereon; and an average spacing D1 of the convex portions on the surface of the toner base particle, a median diameter D2 of the lubricant particle having the smallest median diameter, and a median diameter D3 of the non-lubricant particle having the largest median diameter, satisfy the relationship of the following formula (1): Formula (1) D3≤D1≤D2.

A toner includes a toner particle, and a silica fine particle on a surface of the toner particle. Fragment ions corresponding to a D unit structure are observed in a specific measurement; when the silica fine particle is dispersed in a mixed solution of ethanol and aqueous solution of NaCl, followed by a titration operation using sodium hydroxide, a titer is within a specific range; in a chemical shift obtained by a specific measurement, with D as an area of a peak having a peak top present in a range from -25 to -15 ppm, and with D1 as an area of a peak having a peak top present in a range of more than -19 ppm and -17 ppm or less, D and D1 are in a specific ratio; and a vinyl-based resin having a specific structure is present on the surface of the toner particle.

The toner for developing an electrostatic charge image of the present invention contains a toner base particle comprising a binder resin and at least two kinds of organic pigments, and strontium titanate as an external additive.

An image forming apparatus includes a rotatable image bearing member, a charging member, a developing member, a cleaning member, an accommodating portion, and a controller capable of executing an image forming operation and a supplying operation for supplying a metal soap, accommodated in the accommodating portion, onto a surface of the image bearing member by the developing member. The controller carries out control so that when the supplying operation is executed, a surface moving speed of the image bearing member is higher than a surface moving speed of the image bearing member when the image forming operation is executed.

Provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each capable of suppressing an image defect (coarseness in a halftone image) caused by toner scattering in association with a charging failure that occurs when the process speed of the electrophotographic apparatus is further increased. The process cartridge includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member; and a developing unit, which includes a toner storing portion that stores a toner, and which supplies the toner to a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface protective layer containing an electroconductive particle in an appropriate amount, and the volume resistivity of the surface protective layer is controlled. As the toner, there is used a toner in which an organosilicon polymer is present on the surface of a toner particle, a silanol group is present in part of the organosilicon polymer, and the amount of the silanol group is controlled.

Provided is a toner that expresses all of low-temperature fixability, transferability, and scratch resistance at high levels. The toner is a toner including a toner particle containing a binder resin, a wax, and an inorganic fine particle, wherein when an outflow start temperature measured with the toner is represented by T1 (° C.), the inorganic fine particle always has a thermal expansion coefficient of −0.1×10.sup.−6 (/K) or less in a temperature range of from 30° C. or more to T1° C. or less, the thermal expansion coefficient being determined by X-ray diffraction and wherein a content of the wax is 3.0 mass % or more and 20.0 mass % or less with respect to a mass of the toner particle.