An illumination unit emits an illumination light to a specimen. An image sensor includes multiple pixels arranged in a two-dimensional manner. The image sensor captures an image of the intensity distribution of an interference pattern formed due to the illumination light that has interacted with the specimen, and outputs image data. A defect information acquisition unit acquires defect position information that indicates the positions of defective pixels of the image sensor. A processing unit reconstructs a subject image that represents the specimen based on the image data and the defect position information.

A totagram is produced by an iterative spectral phase recovery process resulting in complete information recovery using special masks, without a reference beam. Using these special masking systems reduce computation time, number of masks, and number of iterations. The special masking system is (1) a unity mask together with one or more bipolar binary masks with elements equal to 1 and −1, or (2) a unity mask together with one or more phase masks, or (3) a unity mask together with one pair of masks or more than one pair of masks having binary amplitudes of 0's and 1's, in which the masks in the pair are complementary to each other with respect to amplitude, or (4) one or more pairs of complementary masks with binary amplitudes of 0's and 1's without a unity mask.

An image-sensing device includes photoelectric elements for receiving incident light. The photoelectric elements are arranged into unit cells, and each of the unit cells includes a first, a second, a third and a fourth photoelectric element. The first, the second, the third and the fourth photoelectric elements in each of the unit cells are formed of pillar structures, and the first, the second, the third and the fourth photoelectric elements are different sizes. The first photoelectric element captures a first image in a first phase, the second photoelectric element captures a second image in a second phase, the third photoelectric element captures a third image in a third phase, and the fourth photoelectric element captures a fourth image in a fourth phase. The first phase, the second phase, the third phase, and the fourth phase are different.

The present disclosure presents systems, apparatuses, and methods of holographic imaging. In this regard, a method comprises transmitting light and illuminating a semi-transparent sample object; and forming, at a hologram plane, an interference pattern of a real image of the sample object from a scattered object beam and an unscattered reference beam from the transmitted light. To do so, the scattered object beam and the unscattered reference beam are in-line with one another, and a distance between the hologram plane to the sample object is set at a distance that substantially weakens a virtual image of the sample object formed from the scattered object beam and the unscattered reference beam. Accordingly, the method further comprises recording the interference pattern of a hologram formed from the scattered object beam and the unscattered reference beam at a detector; and reconstructing a 3D optical field of the hologram without phase retrieval.

An optical scanning holography system includes a polarization-sensitive lens configured to receive a linearly polarized beam and generate a first spherical wave of right-handed circular polarized light having a negative focal length and a second spherical wave of left-handed circular polarized light having a positive focal length, a first polarizer configured to pass only a beam component therethrough in a predetermined polarization direction among components of the generated first and second spherical waves, a scanning unit configured to scan an object by using an interference beam generated between the first and second spherical waves passing through the first polarizer, and a first photodetector configured to detect a beam reflected from the object.

An interference imaging device includes a light interference generator that includes: a light wave splitter configured to reflect a part of incident light and to allow a remaining part of the incident light to pass through; a phase modulator configured to modulate a phase of incident light that has passed through the light wave splitter; and a reflector configured to reflect the phase-modulated incident light from the phase modulator so that the reflected, phase-modulated incident light overlaps with incident light that has been reflected by the light wave splitter.

A method for lens-free imaging of a sample or objects within the sample uses multi-height iterative phase retrieval and rotational field transformations to perform wide FOV imaging of pathology samples with clinically comparable image quality to a benchtop lens-based microscope. The solution of the transport-of-intensity (TIE) equation is used as an initial guess in the phase recovery process to speed the image recovery process. The holographically reconstructed image can be digitally focused at any depth within the object FOV (after image capture) without the need for any focus adjustment, and is also digitally corrected for artifacts arising from uncontrolled tilting and height variations between the sample and sensor planes. In an alternative embodiment, a synthetic aperture approach is used with multi-angle iterative phase retrieval to perform wide FOV imaging of pathology samples and increase the effective numerical aperture of the image.

An electromagnetic wave phase/amplitude generation device includes a radiation unit configured to radiate electromagnetic waves of a random radiation pattern on a spatial frequency in which a state of the electromagnetic waves to be radiated for each divided region is determined to an imaging object, an imaging unit configured to generate a captured image by imaging scattered electromagnetic waves that are electromagnetic waves generated when the imaging object scatters the electromagnetic waves of the radiation pattern radiated by the radiation unit, and a generation unit configured to generate information indicating at least a phase and amplitude of the electromagnetic waves from the imaging object by performing an arithmetic sparsity constraint operation according to sparsity of the imaging object on the basis of the captured image generated by the imaging unit, information indicating the radiation pattern, and information indicating a signal of the imaging object.

A totagram is produced by an iterative spectral phase recovery process resulting in complete information recovery using special masks, without a reference beam. Using these special masking systems reduce computation time, number of masks, and number of iterations. The special masking system is (1) a unity mask together with one or more bipolar binary masks with elements equal to 1 and −1, or (2) a unity mask together with one or more phase masks, or (3) a unity mask together with one pair of masks or more than one pair of masks having binary amplitudes of 0's and 1's, in which the masks in the pair are complementary to each other with respect to amplitude, or (4) one or more pairs of complementary masks with binary amplitudes of 0's and 1's without a unity mask.

The present invention provides a holographic imaging device and a holographic imaging method that have improved performance in which the influence of a refractive index of a cube-type beam coupler constituting an optical system is considered. The holographic imaging device 1 comprises the beam coupler 3 consisting of the cube-type beam splitter arranged between the object 4 and the image sensor 5 and the calculation reference light hologram generation unit 14 for generating an inline reference light hologram j.sub.L representing a light wave on the hologram plane 50 by performing a light wave propagation calculation including propagation inside the beam coupler 3, on a spherical wave emitted from the condensing point P2 of the inline spherical wave reference light L. The inline reference light hologram j.sub.L is a computer-generated hologram and used for generating an object light hologram g by removing component of the reference light L from a complex-amplitude inline hologram J.sub.OL representing the object light O and the inline spherical wave reference light L on the hologram plane 50.