Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards a method for forming an integrated chip the method includes forming a waveguide on a first surface of a substrate. A conductive structure is formed at least partially overlying the waveguide. A light pipe structure is formed over the waveguide. A lower surface of the light pipe structure is disposed between a top surface and a bottom surface of the conductive structure. A lower portion of the light pipe structure contacts the conductive structure.

Various embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards a method for forming an integrated chip the method includes forming a waveguide on a first surface of a substrate. A conductive structure is formed at least partially overlying the waveguide. A light pipe structure is formed over the waveguide. A lower surface of the light pipe structure is disposed between a top surface and a bottom surface of the conductive structure. A lower portion of the light pipe structure contacts the conductive structure.

A wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer, a photonic integrated chip, and an optical module are provided. The wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer includes a substrate, a bus waveguide provided on the substrate, and at least two wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing units provided on the bus waveguide. Each of the at least two wavelength division multiplexing/demultiplexing units includes a mode multiplexer and an asymmetric Bragg grating. The mode multiplexer includes a first port, a second port, and a third port. The third port is connected to the asymmetric Bragg grating, so as to input a light in a TE1 mode or a higher-order mode to the asymmetric Bragg grating. The asymmetric Bragg grating transmits light containing wavelengths other than a wavelength λi. A grating period of the asymmetric Bragg grating and the wavelength λi satisfy a resonance condition.

Structures for a wavelength division multiplexing filter and methods of fabricating a structure for a wavelength division multiplexing filter. The structure includes a first waveguide core having a first section and a second section. The first section and the second section have a first notched sidewall and a second notched sidewall opposite to the first notched sidewall. The structure further includes a second waveguide core positioned with a first offset in a first direction relative to the first section and the second section of the first waveguide core and with a second offset in a second direction relative to the first section and the second section of the first waveguide core. The second direction is transverse to the first direction.

A waveguide illuminator includes an input waveguide, a waveguide splitter coupled to the input waveguide, and a waveguide array coupled to the waveguide splitter. The waveguide array includes an array of out-couplers out-coupling portions of the split light beam to form an array of out-coupled beam portions for illuminating a display panel. To reduce optical interference, the waveguide illuminator may have two interlaced waveguide arrays energized by two different light sources. Output polarizations of neighboring light pixels of a display illuminated with such waveguide illuminator may be orthogonal to each other. The frames to be displayed may be broken down into sequentially displayed sub-frames with interleaved pixels.

A waveguide illuminator includes an input waveguide, a waveguide splitter coupled to the input waveguide, and a waveguide array coupled to the waveguide splitter. The waveguide array includes an array of out-couplers out-coupling portions of the split light beam to form an array of out-coupled beam portions for illuminating a display panel. To reduce optical interference, the waveguide illuminator may have two interlaced waveguide arrays energized by two different light sources. Output polarizations of neighboring light pixels of a display illuminated with such waveguide illuminator may be orthogonal to each other. The frames to be displayed may be broken down into sequentially displayed sub-frames with interleaved pixels.

A compact micro electrical mechanical actuated ring-resonator includes a bus waveguide disposed on a platform; a ring resonator disposed on the platform, including at least a first optical coupler, wherein the ring resonator is optically coupled with the bus waveguide; and a selective waveguide disposed on a piezoelectric cantilever mounted in a trench defined in the platform, wherein the selective waveguide includes a second optical coupler and is controllable to selectively adjust a coupling ratio between the first optical coupler with the second optical coupler by physically changing a distance between the first optical coupler and the second optical coupler.

The present disclosure discloses an optical element for measuring a change in strain. The optical element has ends and first and second portions for guiding light which extend between the ends of the optical element and are mechanically coupled to each other at at least one position. Each of the first and second portions for guiding light comprise at least one Bragg grating. The optical element is arranged such that, when an axial or uniaxial strain is equally applied to the first and second portions for guiding light at the ends of the optical element, an optical response from the at least one Bragg grating of the first portion for guiding light differs from an optical response form the at least one Bragg grating of the second portion for guiding light.

The present disclosure discloses an optical element for measuring a change in strain. The optical element has ends and first and second portions for guiding light which extend between the ends of the optical element and are mechanically coupled to each other at at least one position. Each of the first and second portions for guiding light comprise at least one Bragg grating. The optical element is arranged such that, when an axial or uniaxial strain is equally applied to the first and second portions for guiding light at the ends of the optical element, an optical response from the at least one Bragg grating of the first portion for guiding light differs from an optical response form the at least one Bragg grating of the second portion for guiding light.

Integrated target waveguide devices and optical analytical systems comprising such devices are provided. The target devices include an optical coupler that is optically coupled to an integrated waveguide and that is configured to receive optical input from an optical source through free space, particularly through a low numerical aperture interface. The devices and systems are useful in the analysis of highly multiplexed optical reactions in large numbers at high densities, including biochemical reactions, such as nucleic acid sequencing reactions. The devices provide for the efficient and reliable coupling of optical excitation energy from an optical source to the optical reactions. Optical signals emitted from the reactions can thus be measured with high sensitivity and discrimination. The devices and systems are well suited for miniaturization and high throughput.