An opto-electronic element according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure includes a transparent conductive layer including a first material made of a metal and a second material made of a metal halide.

A vertical fin field effect transistor including a doped region in a substrate, wherein the doped region has the same crystal orientation as the substrate, a first portion of a vertical fin on the doped region, wherein the first portion of the vertical fin has the same crystal orientation as the substrate and a first portion width, a second portion of the vertical fin on the first portion of the vertical fin, wherein the second portion of the vertical fin has the same crystal orientation as the first portion of the vertical fin, and the second portion of the vertical fin has a second portion width less than the first portion width, a gate structure on the second portion of the vertical fin, and a source/drain region on the top of the second portion of the vertical fin.

An organic light-emitting device includes: a first electrode; a second electrode facing the first electrode; and an organic layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including an emission layer. The emission layer includes at least one doping layer and at least one non-doping layer. The doping layer comprises a first host, a second host, and a dopant.

An organic light emitting device (OLED) comprising: a cathode and an anode; a blue emitting layer; and at least two hybrid red/green emitting layers. One of the at least two hybrid red/green emitting layers is a cathode side, red/green emitting layer that is disposed between the cathode and the blue emitting layer. The second of the at least two hybrid red/green emitting layers is an anode side, red/green emitting layer that is disposed between the blue emitting layer and the anode. The OLED emits white light.

A display device according to an embodiment of the present invention includes: a substrate; a lower electrode provided above the substrate; an insulating film provided above the lower electrode and having an opening; an organic layer arranged at least partly in the opening and electrically connected to the lower electrode; and an upper electrode electrically connected above the organic layer; the organic layer includes a hole injection layer, the opening includes a first area arranged to a center side, and a second area arranged on an outer side of the first area, and the hole injection layer has a higher p-dopant concentration in the first area than in the second area.

The present invention relates to a perovskite solar cell and a tandem solar cell comprising the same, characterized in that the perovskite solar cell comprises: a substrate; a transparent electrode; a hole transport layer; a perovskite light absorption layer, an electron transport layer; and a metal electrode, wherein the electron transport layer is a graded thin film in which a chemical binding state of elements constituting the electron transport layer gradually changes from the lower portion thereof toward the upper portion thereof.

A method of manufacturing a light emitting device includes forming a first electrode over a first surface of a substrate, forming an organic layer over the first electrode, the organic layer including a first layer, and forming a second electrode over the organic layer. The forming the organic layer includes heating the first layer. The first layer includes a first organic material and a compound comprising a metal element. A concentration of the compound in the first layer is lower at a position away from the first electrode than at a position near the first electrode.

A light-emitting device includes: a first electrode and a second electrode that are superposed; a light-emitting layer (EML) located between the first electrode and the second electrode; and an electron transport layer (ETL) located between the first electrode and the EML. The ETL includes a first surface proximate to the EML and a second surface proximate to the first electrode, the ETL includes oxygen vacancies, and a concentration of oxygen vacancies in the first surface is greater than a concentration of oxygen vacancies in the second surface.

A quantum dot device includes an anode, a hole injection layer on the anode, a hole transport layer on the hole injection layer, a quantum dot layer on the hole transport layer, and a cathode on the quantum dot layer, wherein a highest occupied molecule orbital (HOMO) energy level of the quantum dot layer is greater than or equal to about 5.6 electronvolts (eV), a difference between a HOMO energy level of the hole transport layer and the highest occupied molecule orbital energy level of the quantum dot layer is less than about 0.5 eV, the hole injection layer has a first surface contacting the anode and a second surface contacting the hole transport layer, and a HOMO energy level of the first surface of the hole injection layer is different from a HOMO energy level of the second surface of the hole injection layer.

Disclosed are an organic light-emitting device and an organic light-emitting display device capable of improving reliability thereof. The organic light-emitting device or the organic light-emitting display device includes an organic encapsulation layer disposed on a light-emitting element, and the organic encapsulation layer includes a first organic encapsulation layer disposed on an inorganic encapsulation layer and a second organic encapsulation layer disposed so as to surround the first organic encapsulation layer and including a moisture-absorbent material. As such, it is possible to achieve a reduction in cost and to prevent moisture or oxygen from being introduced from the outside into the side surface of the organic light-emitting device.