A method for forwarding a packet in a network. The network includes a first network node, a second network node, and a third network node. The method is applied to the first network node, and the method includes: generating a correspondence between a first segment identifier (SID) and a second SID, where the first SID is an identifier that corresponds to the private network, and the second SID is an SID of the third network node; receiving a first packet whose destination address is the first SID; and when it is determined that the second network node is unreachable, pushing the second SID into the first packet to generate a packet, and sending the packet to the third network node.

Provided in embodiments of the present disclosure are a method and a device for bearing a multicast virtual private network. The method includes: assigning, by a BFIR accessing a VRF, a global VPN identifier to a multicast VRF, and carrying the global VPN identifier to notify a route to a BFER accessing the multicast VRF; after receiving a packet of the multicast VRF, encapsulating, by the BFIR, the packet with a BIER header and forwarding the packet, the forwarded packet carrying the global VPN identifier.

A user station for a serial bus system. The user station includes a communication control device for controlling a communication of the user station with at least one other user station, and a transceiver device for transmitting a transmission signal, generated by the communication control device, onto a bus, so that for a message that is exchanged between user stations of the bus system, the bit time of a signal transmitted onto the bus in the first communication phase is different from a bit time of a signal transmitted in the second communication phase. The communication control device generates the transmission signal according to a frame in which a field for a header check sum and a field for a frame check sum are provided, and computers the header check sum from all bits in the header of a frame that is formed for the message, except fixed stuff bits.

A communication system is a communication system connected to an upper network and a lower network, and includes at least one intermediate communication device including a plurality of upper ports for inputting and outputting optical signals to and from the upper network, and a plurality of lower ports for inputting and outputting optical signals to and from the lower network, the intermediate communication device being configured to relay communication between the upper network and the lower network, a switching device that is connected to the upper and lower networks and the plurality of upper and lower ports, switches a connection between the upper network and the plurality of upper ports, and switches a connection between the lower network and a plurality of lower ports, and a control device that outputs, to the switching device, an instruction to switch the connection by the switching device according to a communication status between the upper network and the lower network.

In general, embodiments relate to a method for managing traffic flow along a path between network devices. The method includes initiating, by an end-point network device, monitoring of the path, wherein the end-point network device transmits packets to a target network device over the path, detecting after the initiating, by the end-point network device, that at least a portion of the path has failed, wherein the portion of the path that has failed is external to the end-point network device, in response to the detecting, identifying which portions of network device hardware in the source network device need to be updated to redirect the packets from the end-point network device to the target network device to take a second path, and updating the identified portions of the network device hardware.

A method and an apparatus for forwarding a packet in a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) network are provided. Based on an example of the method, a Provider Edge (PE) device assigns a private network application identifier to a received Internet Protocol (IP) packet and sends a Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) packet that is generated based on the IP packet and carries the private network application identifier in an extension label. In this way, when receiving the MPLS packet, a Provider (P) device may identify the private network application to which the MPLS packet belongs based on the private network application identifier in the extension tag.

Cloud delivered access may be provided. A network device may provide a client device with a pre-authentication virtual network and a pre-authentication address. Next, a policy may be received in response to the client device authenticating. The client device may then be moved to a post-authentication virtual network based on the policy. A post-authentication address may then be obtained for the client device in response to moving the client device to a post-authentication virtual network. Traffic for the client device may then be translated to the post-authentication address.

A system for an independent binding of virtual networks overlay using a physical network topology is disclosed. The system includes a plurality of network elements associated with a corresponding plurality of peers. The plurality of network elements creates a virtual network and enable corresponding applications to bind the virtual network to a physical network. The system includes a network agent to establish communication channel between at least two network elements from the plurality of network elements, where a network element from a set of at least two network elements is configured to identify status of the one or more physical network. The network element is also configured to relay one or more data packets to another network element from a set of at least two network elements in the physical network using a user datagram protocol based on the status of the one or more physical network identified.

Systems and methods for performing User Plane (UP) path selection or reselection over a communications network with a 3.sup.rd party entity, and for notifying network entities of UP changes in a communications network, are disclosed. The method includes: receiving an application program interface based request for UP path selection from the 3.sup.rd party entity; performing a validation and authorization procedure with the request; transmitting a UP path selection configuration request to a Control Plane Function that maintains configuration data; obtaining a reference number confirming the UP path selection configuration request; and installing the UP path selection according to the reference number.

A broadband connection method includes a virtual broadband network gateway (vBNG)-control plane (CP) that receives first indication information from a user plane selection function (USF), where the first indication information indicates a second vBNG-user plane (UP) that replaces a first vBNG-UP when the first vBNG-UP is faulty. The vBNG-CP sends a user entry to the second vBNG-UP based on the first indication information, where the user entry is used by the second vBNG-UP to enable a user to access a network based on the user entry when the first vBNG-UP is faulty such that when a user plane is faulty, broadband access of a user is not interrupted, and the user can continue to access a network.