An electronic cigarette vaporizer that includes a heating element and further includes or co-operates with an electronics module that (i) detects characteristics of the delivery of power, current or voltage to the heating element and (ii) determines if those characteristics are associated with degradation of the heating element. A characteristic that is associated with degradation of the heating element is an increase or other change in the heating element resistance. The heating element resistance can be established by the electronics module sending a test current through the heating element that is sufficient to enable a measurement of resistance to be made.

An electronic cigarette vaporizer includes a heating element for heating an e-liquid and a microcontroller; the microcontroller determines the type and/or characteristics of the e-liquid being used and uses that as an input to automatically control the power delivered to the heating element to heat the e-liquid in a manner suitable for that specific type of e-liquid, or e-liquid with those characteristics. The e-liquid can be supplied from a cartridge and that cartridge then includes a record of the type of e-liquid stored in the cartridge and/or its characteristics and the microcontroller reads that record or is provided data from that record. A variable for the type of e-liquid and/or its characteristics is the water content of the e-liquid.

An electronic cigarette vaporizer includes a heating element for heating an e-liquid and a microcontroller; the microcontroller determines the type and/or characteristics of the e-liquid being used and uses that as an input to automatically control the power delivered to the heating element to heat the e-liquid in a manner suitable for that specific type of e-liquid, or e-liquid with those characteristics. The e-liquid can be supplied from a cartridge and that cartridge then includes a record of the type of e-liquid stored in the cartridge and/or its characteristics and the microcontroller reads that record or is provided data from that record. A variable for the type of e-liquid and/or its characteristics is the water content of the e-liquid.

A circulation chamber for a cargo container comprises a cargo container extension including a housing, a cargo container aperture, and an interior volume; the cargo container extension is structured and dimensioned to be attached to an opening of the cargo container, thereby placing the interior volume in fluid communication with an interior of the cargo container. The housing, cargo container aperture, and interior volume may be cooperatively structured and dimensioned to allow at least a portion of the cargo container to be disposed in sealing engagement with the cargo container aperture, and furthermore, allow, at least partially, a door of the cargo container to be open while the circulation chamber is attached to the cargo container.

A circulation chamber for a cargo container comprises a cargo container extension including a housing, a cargo container aperture, and an interior volume; the cargo container extension is structured and dimensioned to be attached to an opening of the cargo container, thereby placing the interior volume in fluid communication with an interior of the cargo container. The housing, cargo container aperture, and interior volume may be cooperatively structured and dimensioned to allow at least a portion of the cargo container to be disposed in sealing engagement with the cargo container aperture, and furthermore, allow, at least partially, a door of the cargo container to be open while the circulation chamber is attached to the cargo container.

A method for transferring volatile liquid from a refueling tank to the fuel tank of an internal combustion device including the steps of providing a volatile liquid refueling apparatus, having a probe including an outer collar and a receiver including a receiving collar, where the outer collar and the receiving collar are configured to join to create a vapor-tight enclosure, installing the receiver in the fuel tank of an internal combustion device, installing the probe in the refueling tank, inserting the probe into the receiver, engaging the receiving collar and the probe outer collar to create a vapor-tight enclosure, transferring volatile liquid from the refueling tank to the fuel tank, and disengaging the probe from the receiver, including sealing the refueling tank and the tank.

A capless ORVR system providing sealing and reducing hydrocarbon outlet and having a wave seal, a primary flapper, and a secondary flapper for preventing outlet of hydrocarbons by means of surrounding the nozzle while the nozzle is being placed, allowing uni-directional flow to continue and preventing backflow when there is pressure in the opposite direction from within, and allowing the fuel to exit through the filler neck by being bent outwards.

A capless ORVR system providing sealing and reducing hydrocarbon outlet and having a wave seal, a primary flapper, and a secondary flapper for preventing outlet of hydrocarbons by means of surrounding the nozzle while the nozzle is being placed, allowing uni-directional flow to continue and preventing backflow when there is pressure in the opposite direction from within, and allowing the fuel to exit through the filler neck by being bent outwards.

A fuel drip retention system includes a computer programmed to actuate one of a pump or a starter motor to generate a vacuum in an evaporation line between a fuel nozzle receiving port and a vapor canister. The vacuum is generated upon determining that fuel has stopped flowing into a fuel tank.

A fuel drip retention system includes a computer programmed to actuate one of a pump or a starter motor to generate a vacuum in an evaporation line between a fuel nozzle receiving port and a vapor canister. The vacuum is generated upon determining that fuel has stopped flowing into a fuel tank.