Disclosed herein is a method for selectively reducing, using electrical energy, CO.sub.2 to carbon monoxide, a catalyst for use in the method, and an electrochemical reduction system. The method for producing carbon monoxide by electrochemically reducing carbon dioxide of the present invention includes (a) reacting carbon dioxide with a metal complex represented by formula (1), and (b) applying a voltage to a reaction product of the carbon dioxide and the metal complex represented by formula (1):

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An electrode of a chemical cell includes a substrate having a surface, an array of conductive projections supported by the substrate and extending outward from the surface of the substrate, each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections having a semiconductor composition for catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in the chemical cell, and a plurality of nanoparticles disposed over the array of nanowires, each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles having a metallic composition for the catalytic conversion of CO.sub.2 in the chemical cell. Each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles has a size at least an order of magnitude smaller than a lateral dimension of each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections.

An electrode of a chemical cell includes a substrate having a surface, an array of conductive projections supported by the substrate and extending outward from the surface of the substrate, each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections having a semiconductor composition for catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO.sub.2) in the chemical cell, and a plurality of nanoparticles disposed over the array of nanowires, each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles having a metallic composition for the catalytic conversion of CO.sub.2 in the chemical cell. Each nanoparticle of the plurality of nanoparticles has a size at least an order of magnitude smaller than a lateral dimension of each conductive projection of the array of conductive projections.

The present disclosure relates to methods, systems and products for converting carbon dioxide to one or more small organic compounds. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of converting CO.sub.2 and/or a related form thereof to one or more small organic compounds, the method comprising exposing the CO.sub.2 and/or the related form thereof to a beta particle activated high band-gap semiconductor and thereby converting the CO.sub.2 and/or the related form thereof to the one or more small organic compounds.

The present disclosure relates to methods, systems and products for converting carbon dioxide to one or more small organic compounds. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method of converting CO.sub.2 and/or a related form thereof to one or more small organic compounds, the method comprising exposing the CO.sub.2 and/or the related form thereof to a beta particle activated high band-gap semiconductor and thereby converting the CO.sub.2 and/or the related form thereof to the one or more small organic compounds.

Processes for converting a hydrocarbon reactant into an alcohol compound and/or a carbonyl compound are disclosed in which the hydrocarbon reactant and a supported transition metal catalyst—containing molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium—are irradiated with a light beam at a wavelength in the UV-visible spectrum, optionally in an oxidizing atmosphere, to form a reduced transition metal catalyst, followed by hydrolyzing the reduced transition metal catalyst to form a reaction product containing the alcohol compound and/or the carbonyl compound.

Processes for converting a hydrocarbon reactant into an alcohol compound and/or a carbonyl compound are disclosed in which the hydrocarbon reactant and a supported transition metal catalyst—containing molybdenum, tungsten, or vanadium—are irradiated with a light beam at a wavelength in the UV-visible spectrum, optionally in an oxidizing atmosphere, to form a reduced transition metal catalyst, followed by hydrolyzing the reduced transition metal catalyst to form a reaction product containing the alcohol compound and/or the carbonyl compound.

Disclosed are compounds inhibiting ErbBs (e.g., EGFR or Her 2), especially mutant forms of ErbBs, and BTK, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, hydrates, solvates or stereoisomers thereof and pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds. The compound and the pharmaceutical composition can effectively treat ErbBs (especially mutant forms of ErbBs) or BTK associated diseases, including cancer.

A synthetic nicotine composition comprising synthetic nicotine, a synthetic nicotine salt and a synthetic nicotine derivative, wherein the synthetic nicotine, the synthetic nicotine salt, and the synthetic nicotine derivative are in mass percentage; the synthetic nicotine accounts for 1-20%, the synthetic nicotine salt accounts for 30-70%, and the synthetic nicotine derivative accounts for 20-50%; and the synthetic nicotine is one or more of S-nicotine and a mixture of R-nicotine containing a racemate and S-nicotine. The synthetic nicotine, synthetic nicotine salt and synthetic nicotine derivative according to the present invention are proportionally mixed to prepare an existing synthetic nicotine product, which relieves the problem of the impact of impurities in natural extracted nicotine products causing an unpleasant smell, a bitter taste and a strong volatility, and can be used in the fields of low temperature heat-not-burn products, snuff, electronic cigarettes, nicotine release patches, insecticides, herbicides, microbicides, drug synthesis, etc.

A synthetic nicotine composition comprising synthetic nicotine, a synthetic nicotine salt and a synthetic nicotine derivative, wherein the synthetic nicotine, the synthetic nicotine salt, and the synthetic nicotine derivative are in mass percentage; the synthetic nicotine accounts for 1-20%, the synthetic nicotine salt accounts for 30-70%, and the synthetic nicotine derivative accounts for 20-50%; and the synthetic nicotine is one or more of S-nicotine and a mixture of R-nicotine containing a racemate and S-nicotine. The synthetic nicotine, synthetic nicotine salt and synthetic nicotine derivative according to the present invention are proportionally mixed to prepare an existing synthetic nicotine product, which relieves the problem of the impact of impurities in natural extracted nicotine products causing an unpleasant smell, a bitter taste and a strong volatility, and can be used in the fields of low temperature heat-not-burn products, snuff, electronic cigarettes, nicotine release patches, insecticides, herbicides, microbicides, drug synthesis, etc.