Embossing resins, methods of manufacturing such resins, and electrokinetic display system, which includes display cells containing such resins. The resins include a fluoropolymer in weight percentage 5%-60%, a difunctional diluent in weight percentage 0-30%, a monofunctional diluent in weight percentage 0-40%, a urethane diacrylate or functionalized nanoscale material, e.g., a functionalized urethane material, in weight percentage 5-50%, a photoinitiator in weight percentage 0.5-5%, and a surfactant in weight percentage less than 0.5%. The difunctional diluent may be Hexanediol Diacrylate, and the monofunctional diluent may be a monofunctional hydrocarbon. The resins are made by identifying a target index of refraction for a cured state thereof, and combining together, by weight percentage, the constituent components to produce the liquid state version of the embossing resin having a desired composite index of refraction.

A process includes polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer. The polymerization agent includes fluoropolyether acid or salt having an M.sub.n of at least about 800 g/mol and fluorosurfactant having the formula: [R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L-A.sup.−] Y.sup.+. R.sup.1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated, or fully fluorinated and may contain ether linkages; A.sup.− is a carboxylate; and Y.sup.+ is hydrogen, ammonium, or alkali metal cation. The chain length of R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L- is not greater than 6 atoms. The polymerization agent includes a minor amount of fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof and a major amount of fluorosurfactant. The polymerizing produces less than about 3 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced.

A process includes polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer. The polymerization agent includes fluoropolyether acid or salt having an M.sub.n of at least about 800 g/mol and fluorosurfactant having the formula: [R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L-A.sup.−] Y.sup.+. R.sup.1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated, or fully fluorinated and may contain ether linkages; A.sup.− is a carboxylate; and Y.sup.+ is hydrogen, ammonium, or alkali metal cation. The chain length of R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L- is not greater than 6 atoms. The polymerization agent includes a minor amount of fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof and a major amount of fluorosurfactant. The polymerizing produces less than about 3 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced.

A process includes polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer. The polymerization agent includes fluoropolyether acid or salt having an M.sub.n of at least about 800 g/mol and fluorosurfactant having the formula: [R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L-A.sup.−] Y.sup.+. R.sup.1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated, or fully fluorinated and may contain ether linkages; A.sup.− is a carboxylate; and Y.sup.+ is hydrogen, ammonium, or alkali metal cation. The chain length of R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L- is not greater than 6 atoms. The polymerization agent includes a minor amount of fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof and a major amount of fluorosurfactant. The polymerizing produces less than about 3 wt % undispersed fluoropolymer based on the total weight of fluoropolymer produced.

A resin tube is a tube that is composed of a first fluoropolymer and a second fluoropolymer. The first fluoropolymer is made of a melt-type fluoropolymer that melts at a temperature higher than a melting point, and the second fluoropolymer is made of polytetrafluoroethylene or a cross-linked fluoropolymer. An inner circumferential surface of the tube has irregularities with arithmetic average roughness Ra of 1 μm or more.

A resin tube is a tube that is composed of a first fluoropolymer and a second fluoropolymer. The first fluoropolymer is made of a melt-type fluoropolymer that melts at a temperature higher than a melting point, and the second fluoropolymer is made of polytetrafluoroethylene or a cross-linked fluoropolymer. An inner circumferential surface of the tube has irregularities with arithmetic average roughness Ra of 1 μm or more.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of —SO.sub.3X.sub.a, —PO.sub.3X.sub.a and —COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.

The invention pertains to a method of making fluoropolymer dispersions using certain polyfunctional perfluoropolyether derivatives including a plurality of ionisable groups selected from the group consisting of —SO.sub.3X.sub.a, —PO.sub.3X.sub.a and —COOX.sub.a, whereas X.sub.a is H, an ammonium group or a monovalent metal, and whereas said groups are comprised as pendant groups in the perfluoropolyether chain, and to fluoropolymer dispersions therefrom.

A process comprising polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer, the polymerization agent comprising: fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol; and fluorosurfactant having the formula:
[R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L-A.sup.−]Y.sup.+ wherein: R.sup.1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 0 or 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated and which may contain ether linkages; A.sup.− is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfonamide anion, and phosphonate; and Y.sup.+ is hydrogen, ammonium or alkali metal cation; with the proviso that the chain length of R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L- is not greater than 6 atoms.

A process comprising polymerizing at least one fluorinated monomer in an aqueous medium containing initiator and polymerization agent to form an aqueous dispersion of particles of fluoropolymer, the polymerization agent comprising: fluoropolyether acid or salt thereof having a number average molecular weight of at least about 800 g/mol; and fluorosurfactant having the formula:
[R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L-A.sup.−]Y.sup.+ wherein: R.sup.1 is a linear or branched partially or fully fluorinated aliphatic group which may contain ether linkages; n is 0 or 1; L is a linear or branched alkylene group which may be nonfluorinated, partially fluorinated or fully fluorinated and which may contain ether linkages; A.sup.− is an anionic group selected from the group consisting of carboxylate, sulfonate, sulfonamide anion, and phosphonate; and Y.sup.+ is hydrogen, ammonium or alkali metal cation; with the proviso that the chain length of R.sup.1—O.sub.n-L- is not greater than 6 atoms.