To provide a method for producing a perfluorinated compound, capable of easily producing a perfluorinated compound from which a high molecular weight polymer can be produced by a polymerization reaction, and a method for producing a fluorinated polymer using it.

A method for producing a perfluorinated compound, which comprises step A of reacting a perfluoroalkoxide salt with a perfluoroallylating agent to obtain a crude product A containing a perfluoroallyl ether compound, or step B of subjecting a chlorofluorocarbon compound to dechlorination reaction to obtain a crude product B containing a perfluorinated ?-olefin compound, to obtain a crude product X which is either the crude product A or the crude product B, and mixing the crude product X with a radical source to bring radicals generated by the radical source and the crude product X into contact with each other to obtain a crude product Y containing a perfluorinated compound which is either the perfluoroallyl ether compound or the perfluorinated ?-olefin compound.

To provide a charge transport layer excellent in the external quantum efficiency, and an organic photoelectronic element comprising the charge transport layer.

A charge transport layer comprising a film containing a fluorinated polymer and a semiconductor material, wherein the film has a material composition such that E.sub.th is within a range of from 0.010 to 0.080 MV/cm. An organic photoelectronic element comprising the charge transport layer.

A composition includes a fluoroelastomer, a crosslinking initiator, and a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent comprises a compound that comprises two or more structures represented by a formula (3),

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a plurality of R.sup.1 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.2 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.3 are identical to or different from each other, provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine atom-containing group; n are independently an integer from 1 to 5; and each hydrogen on the benzene rings may be substituted.

A composition includes a fluoroelastomer, a crosslinking initiator, and a crosslinking agent. The crosslinking agent comprises a compound that comprises two or more structures represented by a formula (3),

##STR00001##

wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a plurality of R.sup.1 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.2 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.3 are identical to or different from each other, provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine atom-containing group; n are independently an integer from 1 to 5; and each hydrogen on the benzene rings may be substituted.

Embossing resins, methods of manufacturing such resins, and electrokinetic display system, which includes display cells containing such resins. The resins include a fluoropolymer in weight percentage 5%-60%, a difunctional diluent in weight percentage 0-30%, a monofunctional diluent in weight percentage 0-40%, a urethane diacrylate or functionalized nanoscale material, e.g., a functionalized urethane material, in weight percentage 5-50%, a photoinitiator in weight percentage 0.5-5%, and a surfactant in weight percentage less than 0.5%. The difunctional diluent may be Hexanediol Diacrylate, and the monofunctional diluent may be a monofunctional hydrocarbon. The resins are made by identifying a target index of refraction for a cured state thereof, and combining together, by weight percentage, the constituent components to produce the liquid state version of the embossing resin having a desired composite index of refraction.

Polymers comprising fluorinated side chains that can be used for water resistance coatings on substrates and are deposited by initiated chemical vapor deposition are generally described.

A crosslinking agent includes a compound represented by the following formula (1). ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a plurality of R.sup.1 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.2 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.3 are identical to or different from each other, provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine atom-containing group, m is an integer from 2 to 6, l is an integer from 0 to 2, and each hydrogen on the benzene ring(s) may be substituted.

A crosslinking agent includes a compound represented by the following formula (1). ##STR00001##
wherein R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are independently a hydrogen atom, a fluorine atom, an alkyl group, a fluoroalkyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, a plurality of R.sup.1 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.2 are identical to or different from each other, a plurality of R.sup.3 are identical to or different from each other, provided that at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a hydrogen atom, and at least one of R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 is a fluorine atom or a fluorine atom-containing group, m is an integer from 2 to 6, l is an integer from 0 to 2, and each hydrogen on the benzene ring(s) may be substituted.

To provide a fluorinated polymer which can be heat-cured at low temperature (from room temperature to 150 C.).

A fluorinated polymer containing units represented by the following formula (1):

##STR00001##

wherein X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are each independently a hydrogen atom or a fluorine atom, Q.sup.1 is a single bond or an etheric oxygen atom, R.sup.f1 is a fluoroalkylene group or a fluoroalkylene group having at least 2 carbon atoms and having an etheric oxygen atom between carbon atoms, Z.sup.1 is NR.sup.1Y.sup.1, OY.sup.2 or SY.sup.3, R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group or an aryl group, and Y.sup.1, Y.sup.2 and Y.sup.3 are each independently a group having at least one hydrolyzable silyl group.

A composition including a fluoropolymer and substantially free from a compound represented by the following formula (3): (H(CF.sub.2).sub.8SO.sub.3).sub.qM.sup.2, wherein M.sup.2 is H, a metal atom, NR.sup.5.sub.4, imidazolium optionally containing a substituent, pyridinium optionally containing a substituent, or phosphonium optionally containing a substituent; R.sup.5s are each H or an organic group and are the same as or different from each other; and q is 1 or 2.