A zinc production method further includes chlorine-concentration adjusting processes 101, 101, and 105 of using an alkali hydroxide aqueous solution as an extraction solvent for selectively extracting zinc components in a zinc-containing aqueous-solution generating process 102, and separating chlorine components contained in electric arc furnace dust or secondary dust to decrease the chlorine concentration of a zinc-containing aqueous solution at a stage prior to an electrolyzing process 103.

Any metal having a low -ray emission, the metal being any one of tin, silver, copper, zinc, or indium, wherein an emission of an -ray after heating the metal at 100 C. in an atmosphere for six hours is 0.002 cph/cm.sup.2 or less. Any metal of tin, silver, copper, zinc and indium each including lead as an impurity is dissolved to prepare a hydrosulfate aqueous solution of the metal and lead sulfate is precipitated and removed in the solution. The lead sulfate is precipitated in the hydrosulfate aqueous solution by adding a lead nitrate aqueous solution including lead having an a-ray emission of 10 cph/cm.sup.2 or less to the hydrosulfate aqueous solution, from which the lead sulfate has been removed, and, at the same time, the solution is circulated while removing the lead sulfate to electrowinning the metal using the hydrosulfate aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution.

Any metal having a low -ray emission, the metal being any one of tin, silver, copper, zinc, or indium, wherein an emission of an -ray after heating the metal at 100 C. in an atmosphere for six hours is 0.002 cph/cm.sup.2 or less. Any metal of tin, silver, copper, zinc and indium each including lead as an impurity is dissolved to prepare a hydrosulfate aqueous solution of the metal and lead sulfate is precipitated and removed in the solution. The lead sulfate is precipitated in the hydrosulfate aqueous solution by adding a lead nitrate aqueous solution including lead having an a-ray emission of 10 cph/cm.sup.2 or less to the hydrosulfate aqueous solution, from which the lead sulfate has been removed, and, at the same time, the solution is circulated while removing the lead sulfate to electrowinning the metal using the hydrosulfate aqueous solution as an electrolytic solution.

The method includes two technological segments (i) a reduction segment and (ii) an oxidation segment that are interconnected by various support technological processes for the regeneration of solutions and gases and heat recuperation. The reduction segment includes an electrolysis that is performed from a solution of chloride salts of an energy carrier. During the electrolysis, these elements reduce to a lower oxidation state, solidify on the electrodes or precipitate to a solid state. The solid substance thus obtained is the energy carrier that can be stored outside of the electrolyser until a need for additional energy emerges. During the electrolysis, chlorine gas develops that is collected and dissolved in water. An HCl solution is regenerated, which is used in the oxidation segment. Oxygen is released in this process. The energy that has thus been stored in the oxidation potential of the energy carrier is released during a spontaneous chemical reaction between the energy carrier and the HCl solution in the oxidation segment. In this chemical reaction, the oxidation state of the chemical elements which constitute the energy carrier is increased to an oxidation state identical to that from before the beginning of the electrolysis. The reaction product hydrogen is formed that represents a high calorific fuel. This fuel can be immediately converted to heat or electrical energy, without a need for intermediate storage, by known methods. Only water enters the entire method, oxygen and hydrogen leave, while the cycle is closed/cyclic for the remaining substances.

A method for predicting an electrode short circuit based on a current includes acquiring a current value of a cathode of an anode-cathode pair; acquiring a plurality of current values during a set period of time; determining an increased value of the plurality of current values varying with time; determining whether the increased value is within a set current range; if yes, using a linear fitting method to fit the plurality of current values in time sequence to obtain a linear model; acquiring a slope and a determining coefficient of the linear model; determining whether the slope is within a set slope range; if yes, determining whether the determining coefficient is smaller than a set determining coefficient value; if no, determining that there is a short circuit danger in the electrodes of the anode-cathode pair, and in other cases, determining that there is no short circuit danger in the electrodes.

The present application relates to a process for the purification of waste materials or industrial by-products, the process comprising the steps of: a) Preparing a composition (C) by blending or mixing waste materials or industrial by-products comprising chlorine (B) with one or more materials comprising heavy metals (HM) b) Reacting (B) and (HM) by thermal treatment of (C) c) Separating evaporated heavy metal chloride compounds (HMCC) d) Obtaining a solid material after the thermal treatment step.

The present application relates to a process for the purification of waste materials or industrial by-products, the process comprising the steps of: a) Preparing a composition (C) by blending or mixing waste materials or industrial by-products comprising chlorine (B) with one or more materials comprising heavy metals (HM) b) Reacting (B) and (HM) by thermal treatment of (C) c) Separating evaporated heavy metal chloride compounds (HMCC) d) Obtaining a solid material after the thermal treatment step.

Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

Catalysts prepared from abundant, cost effective metals, such as cobalt, nickel, chromium, manganese, iron, and copper, and containing one or more neutrally charged ligands (e.g., monodentate, bidentate, and/or polydentate ligands) and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. Exemplary ligands include, but are not limited to, phosphine ligands, nitrogen-based ligands, sulfur-based ligands, and/or arsenic-based ligands. In some embodiments, the catalyst is a cobalt-based catalyst or a nickel-based catalyst. The catalysts described herein are stable and active at neutral pH and in a wide range of buffers that are both weak and strong proton acceptors. While its activity is slightly lower than state of the art cobalt-based water oxidation catalysts under some conditions, it is capable of sustaining electrolysis at high applied potentials without a significant degradation in catalytic current. This enhanced robustness gives it an advantage in industrial and large-scale water electrolysis schemes.

A dynamic metal-anode flow battery energy-storage system includes a discharge module, a charging module, and a delivery device. The discharge module includes a plurality of discharge reactants to be oxidized to discharge electric energy. The charging module is electrically connected to the discharge module and includes at least one electrolysis device and at least one removal device. The electrolysis device includes a conductive member which is to be energized with electricity, such that a plurality of electrolysis products having the same material with the discharge reactants are adhered to a surface thereof. The removal device includes a scraper adapted to remove the adhered electrolysis products from the surface of the conductive member. The delivery device is adapted to deliver the electrolysis products into the first electrolyte as the discharge reactants, and deliver the discharged products into the second electrolyte as the electrolysis reactants.