METHOD TO SELECTIVELY TARGET CANCEROUS CELLS FOR GENETIC MANIPULATION

Abstract

Methods and compositions for selectively targeting cancerous cells for genetic manipulation based on cancer specific sequence motifs (CSSMs), which are formed as a result of chromosomal rearrangement, and cells produced by said methods.

Claims

1. A cancer specific vector comprising: a cancer specificity element comprising a sequence of interest as well as first and second targeting sequences, wherein each of the first and second cancer specific targeting sequences are comprised of nucleotide sequences homologous to at least 10 bp within first and second cancer specific rearrangement sequences, respectively, and a promoter operably linked to the sequence of interest within the cancer specificity element.

2. A cancer specific vector of claim 1, wherein at least one of the targeting sequences has 100% sequence identity to either the first or second cancer specific rearrangement sequences.

3. A cancer specific vector of claim 1, wherein at least one of the targeting sequences has at least 75% sequence identity to either the first or second cancer specific rearrangement sequences.

4. A cancer specific vector of claim 1, wherein the first and second cancer specific rearrangement sequences extend 1 MB from the chromosomal rearrangement site in either direction.

5. A cancer specific vector of claim 1, wherein the cancer specific targeting sequences are homologous to cancer specific rearrangement sequences comprising a chromosomal rearrangement site between a first mammalian chromosome and a first mammalian chromosome in a human cell.

6. A cancer specific vector of claim 1, wherein the cancer specific targeting sequences are homologous to cancer specific rearrangement sequences comprising a chromosomal rearrangement site between a first mammalian chromosome and a second mammalian chromosome, in which a second mammalian chromosome is different from a first mammalian chromosome, in a human cell.

7. A cancer specific vector of claim 5, wherein the first targeting sequence is homologous to one side of the chromosomal rearrangement site and the second targeting sequence is homologous to the opposing side of the chromosomal rearrangement site.

8. A cancer specific vector of claim 6, wherein the first targeting sequence is homologous to one side of the chromosomal rearrangement site and the second targeting sequence is homologous to the opposing side of the chromosomal rearrangement site.

9. A method of selectively inserting a sequence of interest located within a cancer specificity element of a cancer specificity vector into human cells comprising: contacting human cells with the cancer specific vector of claim 1 under conditions sufficient for the vector to enter the cells and for the specificity element to integrate through the actions of a DNA repair pathway into a chromosomal rearrangement site (CSSM) in the genomic DNA of the human cells.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the human cell is a human cancer cell.

11. The method of claim 9, further comprising contacting the cell with a DSB- inducing vector comprising a nucleic acid sequence that facilitates or enhances homologous recombination.

12. The method of claim 11, wherein the DSB-inducing vector comprises a meganuclease, a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), or a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system.

13. The method of claim 9, wherein the cancer specific rearrangement sequence comprises a chromosomal breakpoint in the first mammalian chromosome in a cancer cell, and one of the targeting sequence shares sufficient sequence identity with a sequence within the cancer specific rearrangement sequence which has been translocated from a location in the first mammalian chromosome to form the breakpoint.

14. The method of claim 9, wherein the cancer specific rearrangement sequence comprises a chromosomal breakpoint in the first mammalian chromosome in a cancer cell, and one of the targeting sequence shares sequence identity with a sequence within the cancer specific rearrangement sequence which has been translocated from a second mammalian chromosome which is different than the first mammalian chromosome to form the breakpoint.

15. A method of inducing a double-strand break in a CSSM in human cells comprising: contacting human cells with a DSB-inducing vector encoding a meganuclease, a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN), a transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN), or a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system, which upon expression, is designed to bind to any of the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs 1-15.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the RNA products of the DSB-inducing vector are introduced to human cells.

17. The method of claim 15, wherein the protein products of the DSB-inducing vector are introduced to human cells.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising contacting human cells with a cancer specific vector, comprising a cancer specificity element, comprised of a sequence of interest, as well as first and second homologous targeting sequences, wherein the first and second targeting sequences are homologous to at least 10 bp of any of the sequences shown in SEQ ID NOs 1-15, under conditions sufficient for the vector to enter the cells and for the cancer specificity element to integrate through the actions of a DNA repair pathway into a chromosomal rearrangement site (CSSM) in the genomic DNA of human cells.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0018] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected embodiments and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure.

[0019] TABLE 1. Nucleotide sequences from normally occurring BCR, the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene, and the normally occurring ABL1. In this example, the nucleotide sequence of the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene is the CSSM. One TALEN can be designed to target the BCR gene region of the CSSM and one TALEN can be designed to target the ABL1 gene region of the CSSM. Catalytic active of the Fok1 nuclease domains is dependent upon dimerization of the two domains, which occurs solely in cells with the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene.

[0020] TABLE 2. A list of first and second chromosomal rearrangement sequences which can be targeted by the first and second homologous targeting arms of the cancer specific vector to mediate insertion of the sequence of interest into the cancer cell. Examples of cancer types in which these chromosomal rearrangement sequences are commonly found are given in the right most column.

[0021] TABLE 3. A list of sequences of interest which may be inserted into the cancer specific vector, ultimately intended to be integrated into cancerous cells. The intended effect of the expression of said sequences of interest is given in the right most column.

[0022] FIG. 1. Nucleotide sequences for the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene CSSM with potential TALEN targeting nucleotides underlined. In this example, the left TALEN recognizes a region from the BCR nucleotide sequence, while the right TALEN recognizes a region from the ABL1 nucleotide sequence. The Fok1 nuclease domains of the TALEN pair dimerize, creating a catalytically active nuclease domain, which induces a double-strand break (DSB) at the junction site of the BCR-ABL1 fusion sequence.

[0023] FIG. 2. The Fok1 nuclease domains of the TALEN pair dimerize, creating a catalytically active nuclease domain, which induces a double-strand break (DSB) at the junction site of the BCR-ABL1 fusion sequence. In the absence of donor DNA, the cell undergoes non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) to repair the DSB. NHEJ is error prone and generates indel mutations at the DSB site.

[0024] FIG. 3. The Fok1 nuclease domains of the TALEN pair dimerize, creating a catalytically active nuclease domain, which induces a double-strand break (DSB) at the junction site of the BCR-ABL1 fusion sequence. In the presence of donor DNA with short homologous targeting arms (5-25 bp) the microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ) repair process can occur, leading to integration of the sequence of interest (SOI) into the DSB site. This process is error prone and deletions can occur in the sequences flanking the SOI.

[0025] FIG. 4. The Fok1 nuclease domains of the TALEN pair dimerize, creating a catalytically active nuclease domain, which induces a double-strand break (DSB) at the junction site of the BCR-ABL1 fusion sequence. In the presence of donor DNA with short homologous targeting arms (5-25 bp) positioned directly adjacent in the reverse orientation to their position in the genome causes insertion of the entire donor DNA vector into or near the DSB site through MMEJ.

[0026] FIG. 5. The Fok1 nuclease domains of the TALEN pair dimerize, creating a catalytically active nuclease domain, which induces a double-strand break (DSB) at the junction site of the BCR-ABL1 fusion sequence. In the presence of donor DNA with homologous targeting arms, typically 750 bp in length, the cell undergoes homology directed repair (HDR), leading to integration of the sequence of interest (SOI) into or near the DSB site.

[0027] FIG. 6. Two sequences from the genome form a translocation, generating a CSSM. The region from one of the two sequences in the fusion sequence is referred to as the ‘first cancer specific rearrangement sequence’ while the region from the remaining sequence is referred to as the ‘second cancer specific rearrangement sequence.’ Cancer specific rearrangement sequences extend no more than 1 MB from the site of the translocation. Together the cancer specific rearrangement sequences form the CSSM. First and second targeting arms of the cancer specific vector share sufficient homology, or sufficient sequence identity, to the first and second cancer specific rearrangement sequences, respectively, to undergo HDR, or in some instances, MMEJ, with the CSSM.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] Example embodiments will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example embodiments do not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

[0029] Genome editing methods for gene therapy applications have been established for use in an extensive variety of organisms.sup.63-66. These methods involve the use of sequence specific endonucleases to induce a DSB at a target site. The nucleases can be naturally-occurring, such as meganucleases, or engineered to cleave the sequence of interest.sup.61,62. Engineered nucleases include zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/Cas9) system.sup.59,63-67. Genome editing occurs through three primary pathways, non-homologous end joining (NHEJ), homology directed repair (HDR), and microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ), all three of which are initiated by the formation of a double-stranded break (DSB) at a selected site by engineered nucleases. NHEJ is a naturally occurring process which leads to the imperfect repair of the DSB often causing frameshifting indel mutations and is used to knockout gene function. However, NHEJ can be used for imprecise insertion of a DNA vector given that the target site cleaved by the engineered nucleases is present in the donor DNA vector.sup.68. NHEJ is active during all stages of the cell cycle. HDR is another naturally occurring process within cells in which a DSB is repaired by homologous strand invasion leading to a perfectly repaired sequence. This mechanism can be used to integrate sequences of interest into the genome of the cell. By supplying a donor DNA vector, which may be a circular vector or a linear DNA molecule, containing a sequence of interest to be inserted, homologous targeting arms, and optionally, a reporter gene and, one or more selectable markers, will induce the cell to use the supplied donor DNA to repair the DSB. This leads to homologous strand invasion of the supplied donor DNA into the DSB repair site, guided by the homologous targeting arms, resulting in the use of the donor DNA as the repair template for the DSB. The repair process leads to incorporation of the sequence of interest in the donor DNA into the genome. HDR is active during late S-phase and G2 of the cell cycle. The last repair process, MMEJ, is initiated with the induction of a DSB and relies on short homologous sequences, approximately 5-25 bp in length, to error-prone repair of the DSB.sup.68. When the short homologous targeting sequences are present in the donor DNA vector, and flank the sequence of interest, MMEJ will lead to integration of the sequence of interest into or near the DSB site. When short homologous targeting sequences are directly adjacent in the donor DNA and in the reverse orientation, as to their orientation in the genome, then the entire donor DNA vector will be inserted into the genome.sup.68. MMEJ is active during the G.sub.1 and early S phases of the cell cycle.

[0030] Chromosomal rearrangements are a defining characteristic of cancer cells and occur primarily in cancerous cells, or in those cells en route to entering a cancerous state. The reshuffling of the genetic material in chromosomal rearrangements such as translocations, inversions, insertions, deletions, and duplications physically relocates sequences of DNA and brings regions of DNA together which were previously separate. The junction site of these chromosomal rearrangements consists of a new sequence of DNA, generated by the two newly adjoining regions. In this way, chromosomal rearrangements create sequence specific motifs. Since chromosomal rearrangements are only found in diseased cells, the sequence specific motifs created by chromosomal rearrangements are disease specific. The cancer specific sequence motifs (CSSMs) can be used to specifically target cancerous cells for genome editing.

[0031] The selection of specific chromosomal rearrangements to target for genome editing is guided by the reoccurrence frequency of the chromosomal rearrangement. For example, in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), the t(9;22)(q34;q11) translocation, which forms the Philadelphia Chromosome, and the BCR-ABL oncogene, is present in approximately 95% of CML cells.sup.69. The high reoccurrence frequency of this translocation designates it as a reliable, broad spectrum target for genetic manipulation in the majority of CML cells. Other attractive chromosomal rearrangements for targeting include, but are not limited to, the EWS-FLI1 gene fusion found in 90% of Ewing's Sarcoma cells.sup.70, the PAX3-FKHR gene fusion found in 55% of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma.sup.71, or the FLT3 internal tandem duplication (ITD), though found only in a quarter of patients.sup.72, the FLT3 ITD induces a particularly aggressive hematologic malignancy prone to rapid relapse.sup.73. The selection of reoccurring chromosomal rearrangements for genetic manipulation not only provides a consistent target for cancer specific genome editing, but also allows for the disruption of a genetic element necessary for the vitality of the cancerous cell. Reciprocal translocations, such as the translocation found on der (9) in CML are very attractive.

[0032] The BCR-ABL fusion gene is one example of a cancer specific sequence motif (CSSM) created by a translocation. The fusion gene is created when the ABL1 gene on chromosome 9q34 is repositioned into the BCL gene on chromosome 22q11.sup.74. At the nucleotide level, the sequence for the BCL gene is interrupted by the ABL1 gene sequence. In the K562 chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line model, the BCR-ABL translocation on the Philadelphia Chromosome at nucleotide resolution appears as shown in Table 1.

Table 1.

[0033]

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Gene Sequence BCR [00001] ABL1 [00002] BCR/ABL1 (CSSM) [00003]

[0034] The sequence of the translocation, in total, is distinct from either of the two original chromosomal sequences, allowing for the individuation between the BCR/ABL1 fusion gene and both the BCR and ABL1 genes. This permits the individuation between cancerous and non-cancerous cells. Programmable target nucleases including ZFNs, TALENs, CRISPR/Cas9, or chemical nucleases can be used to bind to and induce a DSB into the CSSM sequence.

[0035] One possible approach involves the use of TALENs to target the BCR/ABL1 CSSM and begins with the design of a pair of TALENs, with one TALEN recognizing the BCR gene while the other TALEN targets the ABL1 gene, as demonstrated in FIG. 1. The TALEN pair recognizes the BCR-ABL1 CSSM and induces a double-strand break (DSB) near the junction site of the two sequences. For the DSB to occur, the TALEN pair must be in close proximity to allow the Fok1 nuclease domains to dimerize, forming the catalytically active nuclease domain. If the Fok1 domains are unable to dimerize, the domains remain inactive and no DSB is induced. Thus, in normal cells wherein the BCR and ABL1 genes are located on different chromosomes, the TALEN pair is inactive since no dimerization between the Fok1 nuclease domains is possible, also shown in FIG. 1. However, when the BCR and ABL1 genes are translocated and become fused together, the TALEN pair becomes catalytically active, cleaving the fusion gene. This technique is not limited to fused genes, but can be used to target any abnormally fused sequences in the genome.

[0036] Abnormally fused sequences can form as a result of all types of chromosomal rearrangements including, but not limited to, translocations, inversions, insertions, deletions, and duplications.

[0037] In some embodiments, targeting of the CSSM by engineered nucleases is intended to induce non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) causing mutations or insertion of the entire donor DNA vector, as shown in FIG. 2.

[0038] In some embodiments, targeting of the CSSM by engineered nucleases is intended to induce microhomology-mediated end-joining (MMEJ) causing insertion of a fragment of the donor DNA vector or the entirety of the donor DNA vector into or near the site of the DSB, as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4.

[0039] In some embodiments, the DSB is meant to induce homology directed repair (HDR) aimed at the integration of a sequence of interest into the CSSM, as shown in FIG. 5. This approach is further discussed here.

[0040] HDR is a naturally occurring process within cells in which a DSB is repaired by homologous strand invasion leading to a perfectly repaired sequence and can be used to integrate sequences of interest into the genome of the cell by supplying donor DNA with a sequence of interest flanked by targeting arms homologous to the regions flanking the DSB.sup.75,76. The donor DNA includes the sequence of interest flanked by two homologous arms, typically 750 bp in length, which consist of a sequence of nucleotides homologous to the DNA strands on either side of the DSB. Induction of the DSB by the TALEN pair followed by HDR integrates the sequence of interest into the genome, as shown in FIG. 5. The first and second targeting arms are selected such that they flank the CSSM. These arms target the rearrangement site, which are not adjacent to each other in normal cells. The targeting sequences are chosen such that they enable the targeting sequences to integrate the gene of interest by homologous recombination into the chromosomal region flanked by the first and second cancer specific rearrangement sequences. Choosing homologous targeting sequences to direct insertion into a region of interest is done routinely.sup.78.

[0041] Herein, the first and second cancer specific rearrangement sequences refer to the naturally-occurring, nucleotide sequences flanking, and forming, a CSSM. These rearrangement sequences are adjacent due to the translocation and are therefore cancer specific. The use of the terms ‘first’ and ‘second’ denote that the translocation is formed by two sequences, and do not imply sequential order, nor do they imply the chromosome from which the sequence is originally derived. Refer to FIG. 6 for a diagrammatical representation of first and second cancer specific rearrangement sequences.

[0042] Following genome editing, integrated sequences of interest can be expressed, when said expression is driven by a regulatory region. The regulatory region can include a promoter, which may be constitutively active, inducible, tissue-specific, or developmental stage-specific.

[0043] In the event that the CML cell is not targeted, a small biopsy of tissue can be extracted and sequenced. From the sequencing data, a new chromosomal rearrangement can be identified and a nuclease can be engineered, along with a targeting vector, to target the newly identified chromosomal rearrangement. Alternatively, this genome editing strategy can be used in concert with other therapeutic strategies to effectively ablate the tumor.

[0044] In some embodiments, the donor DNA can be supplied simultaneously with the TALEN pair.

[0045] This method, and variations thereof, can be used to selectively target CSSMs generated by chromosomal rearrangements. This offers a novel, bona fide approach for genome editing in a cancer specific fashion.

[0046] Nucleic Acid Constructs—Cancer Specific Vectors

[0047] The cancer specific vector or donor DNA (the terms are used interchangeably herein) is the DNA molecule, which contains the sequence of interest, the homologous targeting sequences (e.g., first and second targeting sequences that direct integration into the CSSM), and a regulatory region comprising a promoter operably linked to the sequence of interest, when applicable. The cancer specific vector can also include a selectable marker, whose expression is driven by the aforementioned regulatory region, or in some instances, by a different regulatory region. The regulatory region can include a promoter, which may be constitutively active, inducible, tissue-specific, or developmental stage-specific. Additional regulatory elements such as enhancers and polyadenylation sequences may also be included.

[0048] Cancer Specific Vectors—Cancer Specificity Element

[0049] The cancer specificity element is comprised of the sequence of interest, operably linked to a promoter when applicable, and the first and second homologous targeting sequences. It is the cancer specificity element, which serves as the template for HDR, and in some instances of MMEJ, and leads to integration of the sequence of interest and the accompanying regulatory region(s).

[0050] Cancer Specific Vectors—Homologous Targeting Sequences

[0051] The nucleic acid vectors described herein include homologous arms or targeting sequences (the terms are used interchangeably herein) that direct sequence specific integration of the donor DNA into the chromosomal rearrangement site through HDR or MMEJ. Targeting sequences may vary in size. In certain embodiments, a targeting sequence may be at least or about 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000 bp in length (or an integer value in between). The targeting elements as described here may be variants of naturally occurring genomic sequences. In certain embodiments, a targeting sequence is homologous to the sequence at the chromosomal rearrangement site that occurs naturally within the cancer cell, referred to herein as chromosomal rearrangement sequences. Every translocation is comprised of two chromosomal rearrangement sequences, as shown in FIG. 6. Preferably, the targeting sequence includes a nucleotide sequence at least 75% identical to its corresponding naturally occurring sequence (the chromosomally rearranged genomic sequence). More preferably, the nucleotide sequence is 90%-100%, or any percentage value in between, identical to the reference sequence, although any percent of sequence identity sufficient to induce homologous recombination or microhomology-mediated repair is viable.

[0052] Cancer Specific Vectors—Homologous Targeting Sequences—Examples

[0053] Homologous targeting sequences can be designed to share sufficient sequence identity with the first and second genes in the fusion, also referred to as first and second chromosomal rearrangement sequences, enabling the cancer cell to be specifically targeted. See Table 2 for a list of potential genes which may be used to target the CSSM of specific cancer types.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 CSSM 1.sup.st Chr. 2.sup.nd Chr. Rearrange. Seq. Rearrange. Seq. Cancer Type BCR ABL1 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia CBFB MYH11 Acute Myeloid Leukemia CRTC1 MAML2 Mucoepidermoid Carcinomas DEK NUP214 Acute Myeloid Leukemia EML4 ALK Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer EWSR1 ATF1 Hyalinizing Clear-Cell Carcinoma EWSR1 ERG Ewings Sarcoma EWSR1 ETS Ewings Sarcoma EWSR1 FLI1 Ewings Sarcoma FGFR3 TACC3 Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma FLT3 FLT3 Acute Myeloid Leukemia FUS ERG Acute Myeloid Leukemia FUS DDIT3 Myxoid/Round Cell Liposarcoma KIAA1549 BRAF Pilocytic Astrocytomas KMT2A AF4 ALL, Acute Myeloid Leukemia KMT2A AF9 ALL, Acute Myeloid Leukemia KMT2A ENL ALL, Acute Myeloid Leukemia MYB NFIB Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma Dermal Cylindroma NDRG1 ERG Prostate NPM1 ALK Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma Acute Myeloid Leukemia PAX3 FOXO1 Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma PAX7 FOXO1 Alveolar Rhabdomyosarcoma PAX8 PPARG Thyroid Carcinoma PML RARA Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia RUNX1 RUNX1T1 Acute Myeloid Leukemia TCF3 PBX1 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia TMPSSR2 ERG Prostate

[0054] Cancer Specific Vectors—Sequences of Interest

[0055] As mentioned, the sequence of interest can be any nucleic acid sequence, which when transcribed, and in some instances, translated, in the cell alters some aspect of cellular behavior preferably resulting in the death of the cancer cell, or rendering the cancer cell less threatening to the health of the patient. The gene or sequence of interest can be, but is not limited to, nucleic acid sequence coding for a marker protein, a cytotoxin, a suicide gene, a tumor suppressor gene, an shRNA, an miRNA, or a ribozyme. See Table 3 for examples of desired genes.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Sequence Name Sequence Type Intended Function Caspase-3 Gene/cDNA Apoptosis Caspase-14 Gene/cDNA Apoptosis iCaspase-9 Gene/cDNA Apoptosis Rev-Caspase-3 Gene/cDNA Apoptosis Rev-Caspase-6 Gene/cDNA Apoptosis TP53 Gene/cDNA Apoptosis Diphtheria toxin Gene/cDNA Cytotoxicity Gef Gene/cDNA Cytotoxicity Melittin Gene/cDNA Cytotoxicity Pseudomonas exotoxin A Gene/cDNA Cytotoxicity Streptolysin O Gene/cDNA Cytotoxicity CD-28 Gene/cDNA Immune Stimulation CD-40L Gene/cDNA Immune Stimulation GM CSF Gene/cDNA Immune Stimulation IL-12 Gene/cDNA Immune Stimulation Cytosine Deaminase Gene/cDNA Induced Cytotoxicity HSV-TK Gene/cDNA Induced Cytotoxicity APC Gene/cDNA Regulate Wnt signaling Dominant-negative Gene/cDNA Regulate Wnt signaling CTNNB1 A.sub.2A Receptor miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment A.sub.2B Receptor miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment CD39 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment CD73 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment COX2 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment CSF1 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment HIF1α miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment PD-L1 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment PD-L2 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment SP1 miRNA/shRNA Abrogate Microenvironment

[0056] Cancer Specific Vectors—Optional Selection Markers

[0057] Selection markers may be found within the cancer specific targeting vector for the selection of successfully transfected, or transformed, (the terms are used interchangeably) cells. Drug resistance genes to antibiotics, such as neomycin or G418 are popular selection markers in human cells. Generally, the term “marker” refers to a gene or sequence whose presence, or absence, conveys a detectable phenotype. The two most commonly used types of markers are selection markers and screening markers. Selection markers are genes which, when expressed, convey resistance to a specific set of environmental conditions. Typically, only cells with the vector containing the selection marker will be able to proliferate, thereby selecting the successfully transfected cells. Screening markers convey a readily identifiable phenotype, allowing for the differentiation between transfected and non-transfected cells. In a screen, all cells can proliferate, however only transfected cells display the identifiable phenotype conveyed by the vector and can be chosen based thereof.

[0058] Double-Strand Break (DSB) Inducing Vectors

[0059] The present description includes the use of a DSB-inducing vector, i.e., a nucleic acid construct which includes a sequence that enhances or facilitates HDR or MMEJ by introducing a DSB break at the target site (e.g., encodes a ZFN, TALEN, or CRISPR). These programmable nucleases can recognize and target specific chromosomal sequences to facilitate targeted integration of the sequence of interest into the target site, in this description, the site of the chromosomal rearrangement (CSSM). As is understood in the art, HDR and MMEJ are the processes by which a DSB break is repaired in the genetic material at a specified locus mediated by the use of homologous DNA sequences. Introduction of the ZFN, TALEN, of CRISPR, which mediate the formation of the DSB at the specified site can take several forms. These include introducing the ZFN, TALEN, or CRISPR, as part of a nucleic acid construct, as part of a strand of mRNA, or the protein of the ZFN, TALEN, or CRISPR itself.

[0060] The introduction of the vectors, the cancer specific targeting vector and the DSB- inducing vector, can be performed in a variety of ways. Additionally, the active sequences in the cancer specific targeting vector and the DSB-inducing vector can be introduced to the host cell on the same vector or separately (e.g., on separate vectors or separate types of vectors at the same time or sequentially). These methods are now discussed and are well known in the art.

[0061] Transformations, or transfections, can be performed through a variety of techniques depending upon the particular requirements of each cell type or organism. These techniques have been extensively tested and are readily adaptable to different cells and organisms.

[0062] Liposomal formulations involve the addition of a liposomal reagent in addition to the cancer specific vector and the DSB-inducing vector. Liposomes are vesicular structures formed by a phospholipid membrane with an inner aqueous medium. Vesicular structures self-assemble in aqueous solution due to the hydrophilic and hydrophobic tendencies of the phospholipid molecules. The formation of vesicles by phospholipid molecules entraps water and dissolved solutes, such as DNA, between the lipid bilayers.sup.79. Liposomal formulations can hold different charges allowing them to interact with DNA, RNA, as well as other substances and can be formulated to target specific cell receptors on the cell membrane.sup.80-82. One such example, cationic lipids, form complexes with nucleic acids and fuse with the membrane of the cell.sup.83,84. This process increases the efficiency of transformation or transfection. Recent advances include the application of microfluidic mixing used to formulate liposomal particles, which has led to increased encapsulation and transfection efficiency.sup.85. Lipids and liposomes suitable for use in delivering the present vectors can be obtained from commercial sources.

[0063] Direct microinjection of the nucleic acid vectors into various cells is also contemplated, and has been used effectively in genome editing applications across a variety of species. The nucleic acid is simply injected into the cytoplasm or nucleus of the cell of interest.sup.86.

[0064] Viral vectors may also be employed in the present invention to mediate delivery of the nucleic acid vectors in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. Reovirus, Newcastle Disease virus, Mumps virus, Moloney leukemia virus, measles, vesicular stomatitis virus, Vaccinia virus, adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, rabies virus, pox virus, human foamy virus, lentivirus, and herpes simplex viruses may be attenuated and used. Viral vector genomes have been modified to inhibit replication and normal viral function, enabling them for safe, therapeutic use. Additionally, viral tropism can be used as another method of selection for cancerous cells. Successful viral mediated in vivo genome editing in humans has been demonstrated with an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector encoding the blood coagulation factor IX (F.IX), introduced to skeletal muscle via an intramuscular injection in haemophilia B patients.sup.87. Expression of F. IX was detectable at low vector doses.sup.87. A modified herpes simplex virus (T-VEC) expressing the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been used in a phase III clinical trial to treat patients with unresected stage IIIB-IV metastatic melanoma through intratumoral injection88. T-VEC administration proved to be therapeutically beneficial resulting in significantly increased durable response rate and a longer median overall survival.sup.88. The viral vectors mediating the delivery of the nucleic acid vectors described herein can be administered intratumorally, intramuscularly, intracerebrally, or intravenously, depending upon the nature of the cancer in the patient.

[0065] In one embodiment, the invention features pharmaceutically acceptable compositions that include the nucleic acid vectors described herein. Various combinations of the vectors described herein can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions.

[0066] Also within the scope of this invention are RNAs and proteins encoded by the DSB-inducing vector and compositions that include them (e.g. lyophilized preparations or solutions, including pharmaceutically acceptable solutions or other pharmaceutical formulations).

[0067] In another aspect, the invention provides cells produced by a method described herein. The cells can be mammalian cells, such as human cells, monkey cells, rat cells, mouse cells, etc. In some embodiments, the cell is a stem cell. In some embodiments, the stem cell is an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), a neural stem cell, or a hematopoietic stem cell.

[0068] A cancer specific vector comprising sequences shown in SEQ. ID. NOs.: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.

[0069] Method of Treatment

[0070] The methods of the invention can be used to treat patients who have a cancerous tumor, composed of cells with an identified chromosomal rearrangement. Any of the methods can include the step of identifying a patient in need of treatment; any of the patients can be human; and any of the methods can include the step of identifying the chromosomal rearrangement present in the cells of the tumor, and any of the methods can be performed by administering the present compositions to the patient. For example, the invention features methods of treating a cancer caused by cancerous cells with a chromosomal rearrangement by identifying a patient in need of treatment, identifying the chromosomal rearrangement in the cancer cells; and administering to the patient a nucleic acid construct, vector, and/or DSB-inducing vector as described herein. The amount of the construct or vector administered will be an amount sufficient to improve a condition associated with the disease. As noted above, treatment can also be performed in vivo by administering present compositions to the patient via pharmaceutically acceptable compositions.

[0071] To illustrate a particular application, CSSM targeted genome editing could be used to treat various stages of melanoma. There are two treatment regimes envisioned based on disease state. In a patient with stage I or II melanoma, a biopsy can be taken and sequenced. From the sequencing data, translocations will be identified and their prevalence estimated. A cancer specific vector will be rapidly constructed to target the CSSM of the identified translocation. The cancer specific vector could comprise the herpes simplex thymidine kinase (HSK-TK) gene driven by a constitutively active regulatory element, flanked by first and second homologous targeting arms each of approximately 750 bp in length, each with approximately 95% sequence identity to the first and second chromosomal rearrangement sequences, respectively. A DSB-inducing vector would be rapidly synthesized in parallel, using TALENs targeting the CSSM. TALEN activity would be verified using in vitro translation of the TALENs to cleave a PCR amplified CSSM sequence. The cancer specific vector would be transfected into a melanoma cell line with the addition of ganciclovir to verify potent killing activity. The DSB-inducing vector and the cancer specific vector would be packaged into attenuated vaccinia viruses and delivered through intratumoral injection to the tumor site. The patient would then be treated with ganciclovir or another permissible agent. An identical routine would be performed for a patient with Stage III or IV melanoma, however three cancer specific vectors would be constructed, differing by their gene of interest. The first would contain melittin, the second GM-CSF, and the third would contain an shRNA targeting CD39 mRNA transcripts. The intent of this combination is to impair the tumor microenvironment through CD39 silencing, recruit the immune system with GM-CSF to target local and distant cancer sites, and to kill the local tumor as well as promoting inflammation using melittin. Viruses would be injected intratumorally, though can be injected intravenously as a last resort.

Advantageous Effects of Invention

[0072] The invention contains several advantages over existing cancer treatment strategies. The foremost advantage is the broad-spectrum applicability of the invention, which allows for the specific targeting of any type of chromosome rearrangement. Existing strategies such as small molecule inhibitor based therapies, such as imatinib, rely upon the activity of a protein product of a fusion gene for targeting. However, not all rearrangements involve the formation and expression of a fusion gene, limiting the applicability of small molecule inhibitors. Since all chromosomal rearrangements generate a CSSM, the proposed method can theoretically target all chromosomal rearrangements and is not dependent upon the formation and expression of a fusion gene.

[0073] A second advantage is the versatility of the invention. Any sequence of interest can be inserted between the targeting sequences, allowing for a variety of options for manipulating the cancer cell. Although killing the cancer cell is an advantageous use of this invention, the specific method of killing, via immune system activation, toxin production, abrogation of the tumor microenvironment, or the reintroduction of apoptotic or tumor suppressor genes can be chosen. Additionally, the cancer cell can be genetically altered in some other way, which does not induce cancer cell death, such as being genetically reprogrammed to another cell type or decreasing the proliferative or metastatic potential of the cancer cell, which is facilitated in some way by the addition, and in some instances subsequent expression, of any desired nucleotide sequence of interest, including noncoding, coding, RNA, and DNA sequences into the cancerous cell.

[0074] A third advantage of the invention is the ability to quickly develop a patient specific therapy. The time required to construct programmable target nucleases to target a new CSSM, a new donor DNA (cancer specific vector), and to verify their activity, is approximately three months. This is significantly less than the amount of time required to test a small molecule or design a new monoclonal antibody for immunotherapy. Additionally, the cost required to produce a new target nuclease and donor DNA (cancer specific vector) is significantly less than costs associated with the production of new antibodies or small molecule inhibitors.

[0075] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Methods and materials described herein for use in the present invention; other suitable methods and materials known in the art can also be used. The materials, methods, and examples presented herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting. All publications, patent applications, patents, sequences, database entries, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

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