Apparatus for battery balancing and battery pack including same

Abstract

An apparatus including a monitoring unit including a voltage detection circuit which detects a voltage of the plurality of battery cells, a balancing unit including a first common resistor element and a switching module, the first common resistor element connected between a first common node and a second common node, and a control unit operably coupled to the monitoring unit and the switching module, the control unit determining a balancing target including at least one of the plurality of battery cells based on the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells, controlling the switching module to form a current channel between the first common resistor element and the balancing target and determining a maximum number of battery cells that can be included in the balancing target based on resistance of the first common resistor element and the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells.

Claims

1. An apparatus for balancing a plurality of battery cells, comprising: a monitoring unit configured to detect a voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells; a balancing unit including a first common resistor element and a switching module, the first common resistor element connected between a first common node and a second common node; wherein the first common resistor is connected to each of the plurality of batter cells; and a control unit operably coupled to the monitoring unit and the switching module, wherein the switching module is configured to: selectively connect a positive electrode terminal of each battery cell to the first common node, and selectively connect a negative electrode terminal of each battery cell to the second common node, wherein the control unit is configured to: determine a balancing target including at least one of the plurality of battery cells based on the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells, control the switching module to form a current channel between the first common resistor element and the balancing target, and determine a maximum number of battery cells that can be included in the balancing target based on resistance of the first common resistor element and the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells, and wherein the maximum number is at least two separable cell units and the balancing target cells are discharged at the same time.

2. A battery pack comprising the apparatus according to claim 1.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the control unit is configured to determine a state of charge of each of the plurality of battery cells based on the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells, and the balancing target includes a battery cell having a maximum state of charge among the plurality of battery cells.

4. The apparatus according to claim 3, wherein the balancing target further includes other battery cell connected adjacent to the battery cell having the maximum state of charge.

5. The apparatus according to claim 4, wherein a state of charge of the other battery cell is higher than a minimum state of charge of the plurality of battery cells.

6. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the switching module includes: a first switching circuit including a plurality of positive switching elements installed between the positive electrode terminal of each battery cell and the first common node; and a second switching circuit including a plurality of negative switching elements installed between the negative electrode terminal of each battery cell and the second common node.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the control unit is configured to turn on any one of the plurality of positive switching elements connected to the positive electrode terminal of the balancing target and any one of the plurality of negative switching elements connected to the negative electrode terminal of the balancing target, when determining any one of the plurality of battery cells as the balancing target.

8. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the control unit is configured to turn on any one of the plurality of positive switching elements connected to a highest potential electrode terminal of the balancing target and any one of the plurality of negative switching elements connected to a lowest potential electrode terminal of the balancing target, when determining two or more adjacent battery cells of the plurality of battery cells as the balancing target.

9. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the balancing unit further includes; a first selection switch connected in series to the first common resistor element between the first common node and the second common node; a second common resistor element having a lower resistance than resistance of the first common resistor element; and a second selection switch connected in series to the second common resistor element between the first common node and the second common node.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the control unit is configured to control the first selection switch and the second selection switch based on a difference between a voltage across the balancing target and a minimum voltage of the plurality of battery cells.

11. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the control unit is configured to turn on the first selection switch and turn off the second selection switch when the difference between the voltage across the balancing target and the minimum voltage is larger than a first threshold voltage.

12. The apparatus according to claim 10, wherein the control unit is configured to turn off the first selection switch and turn on the second selection switch when the difference between the voltage across the balancing target and the minimum voltage is equal to or smaller than a first threshold voltage.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings illustrate preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, and together with the following detailed description, serve to provide a further understanding of the technical aspects of the present disclosure, and the present disclosure should not be construed as limited to the drawings.

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure.

(3) FIG. 2 is a first table exemplarily showing the measured voltages of each of a plurality of battery cells shown in FIG. 1.

(4) FIG. 3 is a diagram for reference in describing a balancing operation based on the first table of FIG. 2.

(5) FIG. 4 is a second table exemplarily showing the measured voltages of each of a plurality of battery cells shown in FIG. 1.

(6) FIG. 5 is a diagram for reference in describing a balancing operation based on the second table of FIG. 4.

(7) FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure.

(8) FIG. 7 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure.

(9) FIG. 8 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure.

(10) FIG. 9 is an algorithm of the control unit involving balancing of a plurality of battery cells.

(11) FIG. 10 is an algorithm of the control unit involving balancing of a plurality of battery cells.

(12) FIG. 11 is an algorithm of the control unit involving balancing of a plurality of battery cells.

MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION

(13) Hereinafter, the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Prior to the description, it should be understood that the terms or words used in the specification and the appended claims should not be construed as limited to general and dictionary meanings, but interpreted based on the meanings and concepts corresponding to technical aspects of the present disclosure on the basis of the principle that the inventor is allowed to define terms appropriately for the best explanation.

(14) Therefore, the embodiments described herein and illustrations shown in the drawings are just a most preferred embodiment of the present disclosure, but not intended to fully describe the technical aspects of the present disclosure, so it should be understood that a variety of other equivalents and variations could be made thereto at the time of filing the application.

(15) Additionally, in describing the present disclosure, when it is deemed that a detailed description of relevant known elements or functions renders the key subject matter of the present disclosure ambiguous, the detailed description is omitted herein.

(16) The terms including the ordinal number such as “first”, “second” and the like, may be used to distinguish one element from another among various elements, but not intended to limit the elements by the terms.

(17) Unless the context clearly indicates otherwise, it will be understood that the term “comprises” or “includes” when used in this specification, specifies the presence of stated elements, but does not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other elements. Additionally, the term <control unit> as used herein refers to a processing unit of at least one function or operation, and this may be implemented in hardware or software alone or in combination.

(18) In addition, throughout the specification, it will be further understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected to” another element, it can be directly connected to the other element or intervening elements may be present.

(19) FIG. 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure.

(20) Referring to FIG. 1, the battery pack 10 includes a battery module 20 and an apparatus 100.

(21) The battery module 20 includes a plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n, connected in series. The reference sign n is an integer of 2 or greater, and denotes the total number of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n. The apparatus 100 is configured to balance the state of charge between the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n.

(22) The apparatus 100 includes a monitoring unit 110, a balancing unit BU and a control unit 130.

(23) The monitoring unit 110 includes a voltage detection circuit, and optionally, may further include a temperature detection circuit. The voltage detection circuit may include at least one voltage sensor. The voltage detection circuit may be electrically connected to a positive electrode terminal and a negative electrode terminal of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n included in the battery module 20 through sensing lines, to detect the voltage of each battery cell in a predetermined cycle, and transmit a voltage signal indicating the detected voltage to the control unit 130.

(24) The balancing unit BU includes a common resistor element R.sub.1 and a switching module SM. The common resistor element R.sub.1 may have a preset resistance. The common resistor element R.sub.1 is electrically connected between a first common node N.sub.1 and a second common node N.sub.2. That is, a first end and a second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1 are respectively connected to the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2.

(25) The switching module SM is configured to selectively connect the positive electrode terminal of each battery cell to the first common node N.sub.1. Along with this, the switching module SM is configured to selectively connect the negative electrode terminal of each battery cell to the second common node N.sub.2.

(26) The switching module SM includes a first switching circuit SC.sub.1 and a second switching circuit SC.sub.2.

(27) The first switching circuit SC.sub.1 includes a plurality of positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.n. Each of the plurality of positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.n has one end electrically connected to the first common node N.sub.1. The total number of positive switching elements PS may be equal to the total number of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n.

(28) The second switching circuit SC.sub.2 includes a plurality of negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.n. Each of the plurality of negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.n has one end electrically connected to the second common node N.sub.2. Each positive switching element PS and each negative switching element NS may be a semiconductor switching device (e.g., MOSFET) that can be controlled using a switching signal. The total number of negative switching elements NS may be also equal to the total number of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n.

(29) The positive switching element PS.sub.i (i=1˜n) is installed between the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.i and the first end of the common resistor element R.sub.1. When the positive switching element PS.sub.i is turned on, the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.i is electrically coupled to the first end of the common resistor element R.sub.1 through the positive switching element PS.sub.i. On the contrary, when the positive switching element PS.sub.i is turned off, the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.i is electrically separated from the first end of the common resistor element R.sub.1.

(30) The negative switching element NS.sub.i is installed between the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.i and the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1. When the negative switching element NS.sub.i is turned on, the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.i is electrically coupled to the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1 through the negative switching element NS.sub.i. On the contrary, when the negative switching element NS.sub.i is turned off, the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.i is electrically separated to the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.2.

(31) The control unit 130 is operably coupled to the monitoring unit 110 and the switching module SM. The control unit 130 may be physically implemented using at least one of application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors (DSPs), digital signal processing devices (DSPDs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), microprocessors and electrical units for performing other functions. The control unit 130 may include a memory. The memory stores data, instructions and software required for the entire operation of the apparatus 100, and may include at least one type of storing medium of flash memory type, hard disk type, Solid State Disk (SSD) type, Silicon Disk Drive (SDD) type, multimedia card micro type, random access memory (RAM), static random access memory (SRAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) and programmable read-only memory (PROM).

(32) The control unit 130 may receive a voltage signal indicating the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n from the monitoring unit 110, and based on this, control the first switching circuit SC.sub.1 and the second switching circuit SC.sub.2 included in the switching module SM respectively. When any one of positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.n included in the first switching circuit SC.sub.1 is turned on, the remaining positive switching elements may be all turned off. When any one of negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.n included in the second switching circuit SC.sub.2 is turned on, the remaining negative switching elements may be all turned off.

(33) The control unit 130 may determine a balancing target including at least one of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n based on the voltage (for example, open-circuit voltage) of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n. The voltage signal used for the control unit 130 to determine the balancing target may indicate the Open-Circuit Voltage (OCV) of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n. The control unit 130 may determine the State Of Charge (SOC) of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n from an OCV-SOC map recorded in the memory based on the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n indicated by the voltage signal from the monitoring unit 110. The control unit 130 may include one having the maximum SOC of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n in the balancing target. That is, the balancing target may at least include a battery cell having the maximum SOC.

(34) The control unit 130 may determine a maximum number of battery cells that can be simultaneously included in the balancing target based on the resistance of the common resistor element R.sub.1 and the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n. When the balancing unit BU is implemented in the form of an integrated circuit, the upper limit of balancing current that may flow through the common resistor element R.sub.1 may be preset, and when the balancing current larger than the upper limit flows, the balancing unit BU may be damaged. Accordingly, the control unit 130 may simultaneously set only the maximum number of battery cells or smaller as the balancing target in a descending order of SOC of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n.

(35) For example, when the resistance of the common resistor element R.sub.1 is 1 kΩ, the upper limit of balancing current is 10 mA, the battery cell Cell.sub.k has the highest voltage of 5.1V and the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 has the second highest voltage of 5.0V, the control unit 130 may determine only the battery cell Cell.sub.k as the balancing target by determining 1 as the maximum number. The reason is that when even the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 is determined as the balancing target, the balancing current is (5.1V+5.0V)/1 kΩ>10 mA.

(36) In another example, when the resistance of the common resistor element R.sub.1 is 1 kΩ, the upper limit of balancing current is 10 mA, the battery cell Cell.sub.k has the highest voltage of 5.0V and the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 has the second highest voltage of 4.9V, the control unit 130 may simultaneously determine the battery cell Cell.sub.k and the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 as the balancing target by determining 2 as the maximum number. The reason is that even though the battery cell Cell.sub.k and the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 are simultaneously determined as the balancing target, the balancing current is (5.0V+4.9V)/1 kΩ<10 mA.

(37) The control unit 130 may control the switching module SM to connect the balancing target in parallel to the common resistor element R.sub.1. That is, the control unit 130 may control the switching module SM to form a current channel between the common resistor element R.sub.1 and the balancing target.

(38) The balancing operation by the control unit 130 will be described in more detail with reference to FIGS. 2 to 5 below.

(39) FIG. 2 is a first table exemplarily showing the measured voltages of each of the plurality of battery cells shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 is a diagram for reference in describing the balancing operation based on the first table of FIG. 2

(40) Referring to FIG. 2, the voltage of two battery cells Cell.sub.1, Cell.sub.k+1 of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n is higher than the minimum voltage 3.2V, and the voltage of the remaining battery cells Cell.sub.2˜Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+2˜Cell.sub.n is equally 3.2V.

(41) Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3, the control unit 130 may include the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 having the highest voltage of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n in the balancing target. The voltage and the SOC have a one-to-one correspondence relationship by the OCV-SOC map, and a higher voltage corresponds to a higher SOC. Accordingly, among the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n, one having the highest voltage and one having the highest SOC may be the same.

(42) The control unit 130 may determine the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 having higher voltage 3.6V of the two battery cells Cell.sub.1, Cell.sub.k+1 as the balancing target. The voltage 3.5V of the battery cell Cell.sub.1 is higher than the minimum voltage 3.2V, but the battery cell Cell.sub.1 is not connected adjacent to the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1, and thus the control unit 130 does not determine the battery cell Cell.sub.1 as the balancing target. That is, when the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n is as shown in FIG. 2, the balancing target determined by the control unit 130 includes only the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1.

(43) The control unit 130 only turns on the positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 included in the first switching circuit SC.sub.1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 included in the second switching circuit SC.sub.2, so that the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 determined as the balancing target are electrically coupled to the first end and the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1 respectively. In this instance, the control unit 130 may simultaneously turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1, or may turn on one of the positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 first and then the other. Of course, as described above, the control unit 130 may turn off all the remaining positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.k, PS.sub.k+2˜PS.sub.n and the remaining negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.k, N.sub.k+2˜NS.sub.n.

(44) Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 3, a closed circuit is formed by the balancing target Cell.sub.k+1, the positive switching element PS.sub.k+1, the common resistor element R.sub.1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1, and when the discharge current flows through the closed circuit, the balancing target Cell.sub.k+1 may be discharged.

(45) FIG. 4 is a second table exemplarily showing the measured voltages of each of the plurality of battery cells shown in FIG. 1, and FIG. 5 is a diagram for reference in describing the balancing operation based on the second table of FIG. 4.

(46) Referring to FIG. 4, dissimilar to FIG. 2, the voltage of two battery cells Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n, is higher than the minimum voltage 3.2V, and the voltage of each of the remaining battery cells Cell.sub.2˜Cell.sub.k−1, Cell.sub.k+2˜Cell.sub.n is equally 3.2V.

(47) Referring to FIGS. 1, 4 and 5, the control unit 130 may include the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 having the highest voltage 3.6V of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n in the balancing target. In addition, the control unit 130 may determine if the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 is connected adjacent to the battery cell Cell.sub.k. As shown, there is no battery cell connected between the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 and the battery cell Cell.sub.k, and thus the control unit 130 determines that the battery cell Cell.sub.k and the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 are electrically connected adjacent to each other.

(48) Accordingly, the control unit 130 may determine the two battery cells Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 as the balancing target. That is, the control unit 130 may include the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 having the maximum SOC of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n and at least one battery cell Cell.sub.k connected adjacent to the battery cell Cell.sub.k in the balancing target. In this instance, the SOC of the battery cell Cell.sub.k included in the balancing target is higher than the minimum SOC of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n.

(49) The control unit 130 may turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.k connected to a highest potential electrode terminal of the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 among the plurality of positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.n and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 connected to a lowest potential electrode terminal of the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 among the plurality of negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.n. In this instance, the ‘highest potential electrode terminal’ of the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 may be the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.k where a highest potential is formed in the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1. In addition, the ‘lowest potential electrode terminal’ of the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 may be the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 where a lowest potential is formed in the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1.

(50) That is, the control unit 130 only turns on any one positive switching element PS.sub.k included in the first switching circuit SC.sub.1 and any one negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 included in the second switching circuit SC.sub.2, so that the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.k disposed at the topmost among two or more battery cells Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 included in the balancing target and the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 disposed at the bottommost are electrically coupled to the first end and the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1 respectively. In this instance, the control unit 130 may turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.k and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 simultaneously or sequentially one by one. Of course, as described above, the control unit 130 may turn off all the remaining positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.k−1, PS.sub.k+1˜PS.sub.n and the remaining negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.k, N.sub.k+2˜NS.sub.n.

(51) Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 5, a closed circuit is formed by the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1, the positive switching element PS.sub.k, the common resistor element R.sub.1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1, and when the discharge current flows through the closed circuit, the balancing target Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 may be discharged.

(52) FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure.

(53) With regard to the battery pack 10 shown in FIG. 6, abundant descriptions in common with the first embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 1 are omitted herein, and difference(s) will be primarily described.

(54) A difference between the battery pack 10 of the second embodiment and the battery pack 10 of the first embodiment is that the apparatus 100 includes first and second balancing units BU.sub.1, BU.sub.2 instead of the balancing unit BU.

(55) The first balancing unit BU.sub.1 may be used to balance a first battery group Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.k of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n, and the second balancing unit BU.sub.2 may be used to balance a second battery group Cell.sub.k+1˜Cell.sub.n of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n. The first battery group Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.k and the second battery group Cell.sub.k+1˜Cell.sub.n may be connected in series.

(56) The first balancing unit BU.sub.1 includes a first common resistor element R.sub.1 and a first switching module SM.sub.1. The common resistor element R.sub.1 may have a preset resistance. The first switching module SM.sub.1 is configured to selectively connect the positive electrode terminal of any one of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.k and the first end of the first common resistor element R.sub.1. Along with this, the first switching module SM.sub.1 is configured to selectively connect the negative electrode terminal of any one of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.k and the second end of the first common resistor element R.sub.1.

(57) The first switching module SM.sub.1 includes a third switching circuit SC.sub.3 and a fourth switching circuit SC.sub.4. The third switching circuit SC.sub.3 includes a plurality of positive switching elements PS.sub.1˜PS.sub.k. The fourth switching circuit SC.sub.4 includes a plurality of negative switching elements NS.sub.1˜NS.sub.k.

(58) The positive switching element PS.sub.j (j=1˜k) is installed between the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.j and the first end of the common resistor element R.sub.1. When the positive switching element PS.sub.j is turned on, the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.j is electrically coupled to the first end of the common resistor element R.sub.1. On the contrary, when the positive switching element PS.sub.j is turned off, the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.j is electrically separated from the first end of the common resistor element R.sub.1.

(59) The negative switching element NS.sub.j is installed between the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.j and the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1. When the negative switching element NS.sub.j is turned on, the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.j is electrically coupled to the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1. On the contrary, when the negative switching element NS.sub.j is turned off, the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.j is electrically separated from the second end of the common resistor element R.sub.1.

(60) The second balancing unit BU.sub.2 includes a second common resistor element R.sub.2 and a second switching module SM.sub.2. The common resistor element R.sub.2 may have a preset resistance that is equal to or different from the resistance of the common resistor element R.sub.1. The second switching module SM.sub.2 is configured to selectively connect the positive electrode terminal of any one of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.k+1˜Cell.sub.n and the first end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. Along with this, the second switching module SM.sub.2 is configured to selectively connect the negative electrode terminal of any one of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.k+1˜Cell.sub.n and the second end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2.

(61) The second switching module SM.sub.2 includes a fifth switching circuit SC.sub.5 and a sixth switching circuit SC.sub.6. The fifth switching circuit SC.sub.5 includes a plurality of positive switching elements PS.sub.k+1˜PS.sub.n. The sixth switching circuit SC.sub.6 includes a plurality of negative switching elements NS.sub.k+1˜NS.sub.n.

(62) The positive switching element PS.sub.m (m=k+1˜n) is installed between the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.m and the first end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. When the positive switching element PS.sub.m is turned on, the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.m is electrically coupled to the first end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. On the contrary, when the positive switching element PS.sub.m is turned off, the positive electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.m is electrically separated from the first end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2.

(63) The negative switching element NS.sub.m is installed between the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.m and the second end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. When the negative switching element NS.sub.m is turned on, the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.m is electrically coupled to the second end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. On the contrary, when the negative switching element NS.sub.m is turned off, the negative electrode terminal of the battery cell Cell.sub.m is electrically separated from the second end of the second common resistor element R.sub.1.

(64) The control unit 130 is operably coupled to the monitoring unit 110, the first switching module SM.sub.1 and the second switching module SM.sub.2.

(65) The control unit 130 may receive a voltage signal indicating the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.1˜Cell.sub.n from the monitoring unit 110, and based on this, individually control the third to sixth switching circuits SC.sub.3˜SC.sub.6 included in the first switching module SM.sub.1 and the second switching module SM.sub.2.

(66) For example, when the voltage of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.k+1˜Cell.sub.n is as shown in FIG. 2, the control unit 130 may determine two battery cells Cell.sub.1, Cell.sub.k+1 as the balancing target. The control unit 130 turns on any one positive switching element PS.sub.1 included in the third switching circuit SC.sub.3 and any one negative switching element NS.sub.1 included in the fourth switching circuit SC.sub.4, so that the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the balancing target Cell.sub.1 are electrically coupled to the first end and the second end of the first common resistor element R.sub.1 respectively. In this instance, the control unit 130 may simultaneously turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.1. Along with this, the control unit 130 turns on any one positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 included in the fifth switching circuit SC.sub.5 and any one negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 included in the sixth switching circuit SC.sub.6, so that the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the balancing target Cell.sub.k+1 are electrically coupled to the first end and the second end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2 respectively. In this instance, the control unit 130 may simultaneously turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1. As a result, dissimilar to the balancing operation according to FIG. 3, the balancing of the two battery cells Cell.sub.1, Cell.sub.k+1 may be simultaneously accomplished.

(67) In another example, when the voltage of the plurality of battery cells Cell.sub.k+1˜Cell.sub.n is as shown in FIG. 4, the control unit 130 may determine two battery cells Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 as the balancing target. The control unit 130 turns on any one positive switching element PS.sub.k included in the third switching circuit SC.sub.3 and any one negative switching element NS.sub.k included in the fourth switching circuit SC.sub.4, so that the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the balancing target Cell.sub.k are electrically coupled to the first end and the second end of the first common resistor element R.sub.1 respectively. In this instance, the control unit 130 may simultaneously turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.k and the negative switching element NS.sub.k. Along with this, the control unit 130 turns on any one positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 included in the fifth switching circuit SC.sub.5 and any one negative switching element NS.sub.k+1 included in the sixth switching circuit SC.sub.6, so that the positive electrode terminal and the negative electrode terminal of the balancing target Cell.sub.k+1 are electrically coupled to the first end and the second end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2 respectively. In this instance, the control unit 130 may simultaneously turn on the positive switching element PS.sub.k+1 and the negative switching element NS.sub.k+1. As a result, similar to FIG. 5, adjacent two battery cells Cell.sub.k, Cell.sub.k+1 may be simultaneously discharged.

(68) FIG. 7 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure.

(69) With regard to the battery pack 10 shown in FIG. 7, abundant descriptions in common with the first embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 1 are omitted herein, and difference(s) will be primarily described.

(70) A difference between the battery pack 10 of the third embodiment and the battery pack 10 of the first embodiment is that the balancing unit BU further includes a second common resistor element R.sub.2, a first selection switch SS.sub.1 and a second selection switch SS.sub.2. The resistance of the first common resistor element R.sub.1 may be equal to or higher or lower than the resistance of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. Hereinafter, for convenience of description, assume that the resistance (e.g., 1 kΩ) of the first common resistor element R.sub.1 is higher than the resistance (e.g., 0.5 kΩ) of the second common resistor element R.sub.2.

(71) The first common resistor element R.sub.1 and the first selection switch SS.sub.1 are connected in series. The first common resistor element R.sub.1 may be connected between the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2 through the first selection switch SS.sub.1. For example, one end of the first selection switch SS.sub.1 may be connected to the first common node N.sub.1, one end of the first common resistor element R.sub.1 may be connected to the second common node N.sub.2, and the other end of the first selection switch SS.sub.1 may be connected to the other end of the first common resistor element R.sub.1.

(72) The second common resistor element R.sub.2 and the second selection switch SS.sub.2 are connected in series. The second common resistor element R.sub.2 is connected between the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2 through the second selection switch SS.sub.2. For example, one end of the second selection switch SS.sub.2 may be connected to the first common node N.sub.1, one end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2 may be connected to the second common node N.sub.2, and the other end of the second selection switch SS.sub.2 may be connected to the other end of the second common resistor element R.sub.2. That is, the first common resistor element R.sub.1 and the second common resistor element R.sub.2 are connected in parallel between the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2 through the first selection switch SS.sub.1 and the second selection switch SS.sub.2.

(73) The control unit 130 controls the first selection switch SS.sub.1 and the second selection switch SS.sub.2 based on a difference between the voltage across the balancing target and the minimum voltage, and now, it will be described in more detail with reference to FIG. 2 together.

(74) The control unit 130 may turn on the first selection switch SS.sub.1 connected in series to the first common resistor element R.sub.1 and turn off the second selection switch SS.sub.2 when a difference between the voltage of the balancing target and the minimum voltage is larger than a first threshold voltage (e.g., 0.3V). For example, as in FIG. 2, when a difference between the voltage 3.6V of battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 which is the balancing target and the minimum voltage 3.2V is larger than the first threshold voltage (e.g., 0.3V), the control unit 130 may discharge the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 by turning on the first selection switch SS.sub.1. Accordingly, as electrical energy stored in the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 is consumed by the first common resistor element R.sub.1, the voltage of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 will be gradually lowered from 3.6V.

(75) The control unit 130 may turn on the second selection switch SS.sub.2 connected in series to the second common resistor element R.sub.2 and turn off the first selection switch SS.sub.1 when a difference between the voltage of the balancing target and the minimum voltage is equal to or smaller than the first threshold voltage (e.g., 0.3V). For example, from the time when the voltage of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 which is the balancing target reaches 3.5V, the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 is discharged by the second common resistor element R.sub.2 instead of the first common resistor element R.sub.1.

(76) The control unit 130 may keep the second selection switch SS.sub.2 in turn-on state until a difference between the voltage of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 and the minimum voltage 3.2V reaches 0 V.

(77) Alternatively, the control unit 130 may turn on both the first selection switch SS.sub.1 and the second selection switch SS.sub.2 until a difference between the voltage of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 and the minimum voltage 3.2V reaches 0 V from the time when a difference between the voltage of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 and the minimum voltage 3.2V reaches a second threshold voltage (e.g., 0.1V) smaller than the first threshold voltage. Accordingly, as electrical energy stored in the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 is consumed by the first common resistor element R.sub.1 and the second common resistor element R.sub.2, the voltage of the battery cell Cell.sub.k+1 will be gradually lowered toward the minimum voltage 3.2V from 3.5V.

(78) It should be noted that the total resistance of the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2 when the first selection switch SS.sub.1 and the second selection switch SS.sub.2 are turned on, is smaller than the total resistance of the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2 when only any one of the first selection switch SS.sub.1 and the second selection switch SS.sub.2 is turned on.

(79) According to the third embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 7, the apparatus 100 gradually reduces the total resistance of the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2 with the decreasing difference between the voltage of the balancing target and the minimum voltage, to stabilize the current flowing through the balancing target.

(80) FIG. 8 is a schematic configuration diagram of a battery pack according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure.

(81) With regard to the battery pack 10 shown in FIG. 8, abundant descriptions in common with the third embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 7 are omitted herein, and difference(s) will be primarily described.

(82) A difference between the battery pack 10 of the fourth embodiment and the battery pack 10 of the third embodiment is that the balancing unit BU further includes a third selection switch SS.sub.3 and a fourth selection switch SS.sub.4.

(83) The third selection switch SS.sub.3 is connected in series to the first selection switch SS.sub.1 and the first common resistor element R.sub.1 between the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2.

(84) The fourth selection switch SS.sub.4 is connected in series to the second selection switch SS.sub.2 and the second common resistor element R.sub.2 between the first common node N.sub.1 and the second common node N.sub.2.

(85) The third selection switch SS.sub.3 is provided to protect the battery module 20 and the first common resistor element R.sub.1 from a short fault of the first selection switch SS.sub.1. The short fault refers to a condition in which the switch cannot be opened. The control unit 130 may be configured to turn on the third selection switch SS.sub.3 as well when turning on the first selection switch SS.sub.1. The control unit 130 may be configured to turn off the third selection switch SS.sub.3 as well when turning off the first selection switch SS.sub.1. Accordingly, it is possible to shut off the flow of current through the first common resistor element R.sub.1 by turning off the third selection switch SS.sub.3 even though the first selection switch SS.sub.1 is in short fault.

(86) The fourth selection switch SS.sub.4 is provided to protect the battery module 20 and the second common resistor element R.sub.2 from a short fault of the second selection switch SS.sub.2. The control unit 130 may be configured to turn on the fourth selection switch SS.sub.4 as well when turning on the second selection switch SS.sub.2. The control unit 130 may be configured to turn off the fourth selection switch SS.sub.4 as well when turning off the second selection switch SS.sub.2. Accordingly, it is possible to shut off the flow of current through the second common resistor element R.sub.2 by turning off the fourth selection switch SS.sub.4 even though the second selection switch SS.sub.2 is in short fault.

(87) FIG. 9 is an algorithm of the control unit involving balancing of a plurality of battery cells, in which the control unit determines a balancing target including at least one of the plurality of battery cells based on the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells, controls the switching module to form a current channel between the first common resistor element and the balancing target, and determines a maximum number of battery cells that can be included in the balancing target based on resistance of the first common resistor element and the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells.

(88) FIG. 10 is an algorithm of the control unit involving balancing of a plurality of battery, cells, in which the control unit in which involving balancing of a plurality of battery cells determine a state of charge of each of the plurality of battery cells based on the voltage of each of the plurality of battery cells, and determines the balancing target based on a battery cell having a maximum state of charge among the plurality of battery cells

(89) FIG. 11 is an algorithm of the control unit, in which the control unit control the first selection switch and the second selection switch based on a difference between a voltage across the balancing target and a minimum voltage of the plurality of battery cells. The controlling of the first selection switch and the second selection switch includes turn on the first selection switch and turning off the second selection switch when the difference between the voltage across the balancing target and the minimum voltage is larger than a first threshold voltage. The controlling of the first selection switch and the second selection switch further includes turning off the first selection switch and turn on the second selection switch when the difference between the voltage across the balancing target and the minimum voltage is equal to or smaller than a first threshold voltage.

(90) The embodiments of the present disclosure described hereinabove are not implemented only through the apparatus and method, and may be implemented through programs that realize the functions corresponding to the configurations of the embodiments of the present disclosure or recording media having the programs recorded thereon, and this implementation may be easily achieved by those skilled in the art from the disclosure of the embodiments previously described.

(91) While the present disclosure has been hereinabove described with regard to a limited number of embodiments and drawings, the present disclosure is not limited thereto and it is obvious to those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made thereto within the technical aspects of the present disclosure and the equivalent scope of the appended claims.

(92) Additionally, many substitutions, modifications and changes may be made to the present disclosure described hereinabove by those skilled in the art without departing from the technical aspects of the present disclosure, and the present disclosure is not limited to the above-described embodiments and the accompanying drawings, and each embodiment may be selectively combined in part or in whole to allow various modifications.