METHOD TO ARTIFICIALLY AGGLOMERATE FINELY DIVIDED MATERIALS

Abstract

Method to artificially agglomerate finely divided materials. A method to agglomerate finely divided material into aggregates, the aggregates being larger than the finely divided material, comprising the steps of (a) mixing finely divided material, binder and water in a mixer, (b) adding an agglomerating agent to the mix formed in step (a) and mixing constantly. Finely divided material is selected from the group consisting of cement, sand, clay, glass, slag, fly ash, stone powder, bypass dust, limestone, silica fume, crushed brick, brick powder and crushed stone or a combination thereof.

Claims

1. A method to agglomerate finely divided material into aggregates, the aggregates being larger than the finely divided material, comprising the steps of: (a) mixing finely divided material, binder and water in a mixer, (b) adding an agglomerating agent to the mix formed in step (a) and (c) mixing constantly.

2. Method according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) finely divided material, binder and water are added simultaneously.

3. Method according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) water and binder are added gradually to said finely divided material.

4. Method according to claim 1, wherein said finely divided material is selected from the group consisting of cement, sand, clay, glass, slag, fly ash, stone powder, bypass dust, limestone, silica fume, crushed brick, brick powder and crushed stone and a combination thereof.

5. Method according to claim 1, wherein said finely divided material is at a concentration in the range of 0.1 ton/m.sup.3 to 3.2 ton/m.sup.3 with respect to the final mix.

6. Method according to claim 1, wherein said binder is selected from the group consisting of powder cement, cement mixed in water, mortar, concrete not yet set, returned concrete, lime, bypass dust, silica fume, fly ash and slag and a combination thereof.

7. Method according to claim 1, wherein said binder is at a concentration in the range of 10 to 1000 kg/m.sup.3 with respect to the final mix.

8. Method according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) a superplasticizer is added to the mix.

9. Method according to claim 8, wherein said superplasticizer is selected from the group consisting of melamine, naphthalene, lignosulfonate and polycarboxylates and a combination thereof.

10. Method according to claim 8, wherein the solid active content of the superplasticizer is at a concentration in the range of 0.1 kg/m.sup.3 to 10 kg/m.sup.3.

11. Method according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) water to binder ratio is in the range of 0.5 to 10.

12. Method according to claim 1, in that wherein said agglomerating agent is selected from the group consisting of cellulose, chitosan, polyacrylics, polyamines, polyethylene imines, polyvinylalcohols, polysaccharides, polyacrylamides, and co-polymers thereof, collagen, acrylamide, lactic acid, methacrylic acid, methacrylate, hydroxyethyl, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, acrylic acid, inorganic flocculants, and inorganic coagulants or and a combination thereof.

13. Method according to claim 1, wherein said agglomerating agent is inorganic flocculants or polysaccharides.

14. Method according to claim 1, wherein the solid active content of the agglomerating agent is at a concentration in the range of 0.1 kg/m.sup.3 to 5 kg/m.sup.3.

15. Method according to claim 1, wherein the aggregates obtained in step (c) are poured out of the mixer and dried for at least 6 hours.

16. Method according to claim 1, wherein the aggregates obtained in step (c) has an agglomerability of at least 30, where said Agglomerability is defined as $\mathrm{AI}={\mathrm{FM}}_{\mathrm{RM}}\frac{D_{90}}{D_{10}}$ wherein FM.sub.RM is the fineness modulus of the finely divided material used in step (a), defined as the sum of the total percentage of sample that pass the following series of sieves: 0.063 mm, 0.125 mm, 0.250 mm, 0.500 mm, 1 mm, 2 mm and 4 mm
FM.sub.RM=.sub.(0.063 mm-4 mm)passing %, wherein D.sub.10 is the sieve size [mm] at which the passing is 10%, wherein D.sub.90 is the sieve size [mm] at which the passing is 90% and D.sub.90/D.sub.10 is a monogranular index.

17. Method according to claim 1, wherein in step (a) a nucleating agent is added to the mix.

18. Method according to claim 17, wherein said nucleating agent is selected from the group consisting of cement, sand, clay, glass, slag, fly ash, stone powder, bypass dust, limestone and silica fume and a combination thereof.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0076] FIG. 1 shows the initial Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of the sand for example 1.

[0077] FIG. 2 shows the Los Angeles test results of the obtained agglomerated aggregates in example 1.

[0078] FIG. 3 shows the initial Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of the finely divided material for example 2.

[0079] FIG. 4 shows the Los Angeles test results of the obtained agglomerated aggregates in example 2.

EXAMPLES OF THE INVENTION

Example 1

[0080] Six sand samples were agglomerated according to the method of the invention. The initial composition is shown in Table 1. The initial Particle Size Distribution (PSD) of the sand used as fine material is presented in FIG. 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Composition CEM I 52.5 Additive: CEM I 52.5 R white w/b w/b Aggregates Aggregates Flocculant N. Name kg/m.sup.3 kg/m.sup.3 eff tot 0/4 round 0/4 crushed kg/m.sup.3 A Gravel 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 from sand-vA B Gravel 300 0.6 0.662 0% 100% 0.5 from sand-vB C Gravel 350 0.6 0.65 0% 100% 0.5 from sand-vC D Gravel 400 0.6 0.64 0% 100% 0.5 from sand-vD E Gravel 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 from sand-vE white F Gravel 350 0.7 0.747 0% 100% 0.5 from sand-vF white

[0081] For each mix, the finely divided material(sand), binder (CEM I 52,5both grey and white were used) and water were added and mixed for 2 minutes. After, the agglomerating agent, a flocculant in this case, was added and spheres were produced after 5 minutes.

[0082] The spheres were then left to dry for 8 hours. The characteristics of the hardened spheres can be seen in Table 2 and FIG. 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Hardened properties Los Angeles N. Name 7 days A Gravel from sand-vA 50.1 B Gravel from sand-vB 59.2 C Gravel from sand-vC 56.6 D Gravel from sand-vD 46.8 E Gravel from sand-vE white 47.2 F Gravel from sand-vF white 61.8

[0083] The Los Angeles values obtained for the hardened aggregates indicate that the granules obtained have good abrasion resistance and therefore may be used as base in functional roads.

Example 2

[0084] 0/4 aggregate was used for this second example. The Particle Size Distribution of the original material is plotted in FIG. 3:

[0085] The initial finely divided material was then mixed with a binder, water and mixed for 5 minutes. The compositions of the initial mixes are presented in Table 4:

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Composition Additives CEM I TOTAL [kg/m3] 52.5 R Fly ash BINDER w/b w/b Aggregates Anionic Density N. Name kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 eff tot 0/4 round Floculant kg/m3 1 Sand 0/4 crushed-v1 45 0 45 3 3.5 2201 0.75 2403.50 2 Sand 0/4 crushed-v2 97 0 97 1 1.233 2258 0.5 2474.60 3 Sand 0/4 crushed-v3 143 0 143 1 1.147 2097 0.5 2404.02 4 Sand 0/4 crushed-v4 31.5 13.5 45 2.73 3.224 2230 0.75 2363.06 5 Sand 0/4 crushed-v5 68 29.2 97.2 1 1.23 2250 0.75 2401.64 6 Sand 0/4 crushed-v6 100 43 143 1 1.14 2087 0.5 2301.00 7 Sand 0/4 crushed-v7 51 22 73 1 1.313 2336 0.75 2453.96 8 Sand 0/4 crushed-v8 16 7 23 4.67 5.7 2293 0.75 2400.20 9 Sand 0/4 crushed-v9 23 0 23 3.7 4.68 2351 0.5 2481.64 10 Sand 0/4 crushed-v10 73 0 73 1.19 1.487 2311 0.5 2492.55 11 Sand 0/4 crushed-v11 31.5 13.5 45 2.73 3.224 2230 0.75 2363.06 12 Sand 0/4 crushed-v12 16 7 23 4.67 5.7 2293 0.75 2400.20 13 Sand 0/4 crushed-v13 23 23 46 2.73 3.222 2228 0.75 2395.00 14 Sand 0/4 crushed-v14 12 12 24 4.67 5.625 2277 0.75 2413.00 15 Sand 0/4 crushed-v15 14 32 46 2.73 3.222 2225 0.75 2393.00 16 Sand 0/4 crushed-v16 8 18 26 4.67 5.58 2262 0.75 2404.00

[0086] After the flocculant was added, spheres were formed. The spheres were then left to air dry for 24 hours, at an average temperature of 16 C. The properties of said spheres are presented in Table 3 and FIG. 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Fineness Paste Agglomerability modulus volume of the raw (0.063--->4) [l/m3] material Log10 N. Name FM.sub.FM PV Al PV/Al (PV/Al*100) FM.sub.FM*Log10 FM.sub.FM/Log10 1 Sand 0/4 crushed-v1 1.99 149.29 85.32049535 1.75 2.24 4.45769639 0.88606491 2 Sand 0/4 crushed-v2 1.93 127.79 85.32049535 1.50 2.18 4.206282692 0.888787393 3 Sand 0/4 crushed-v3 1.92 188.40 85.32049535 2.21 2.34 4.503722446 0.819688635 4 Sand 0/4 crushed-v4 2.16 138.48 85.32049535 1.62 2.21 4.785148923 0.979458265 5 Sand 0/4 crushed-v5 2.28 130.95 85.32049535 1.53 2.19 4.987969486 1.0437525 6 Sand 0/4 crushed-v6 2.11 192.66 85.32049535 2.26 2.35 4.973597649 0.897743144 7 Sand 0/4 crushed-v7 2.47 98.36 85.32049535 1.15 2.06 5.087821018 1.196902434 8 Sand 0/4 crushed-v8 2.24 115.41 85.32049535 1.35 2.13 4.782411029 1.052952103 9 Sand 0/4 crushed-v9 2.45 92.40 85.32049535 1.08 2.03 4.982965533 1.203701152 10 Sand 0/4 crushed-v10 2.45 110.04 85.32049535 1.29 2.11 5.17016947 1.160720717 11 Sand 0/4 crushed-v11 2.23 138.48 85.32049535 1.62 2.21 4.924623935 1.008007001 12 Sand 0/4 crushed-v12 2.42 115.41 85.32049535 1.35 2.13 5.163269483 1.136806399 13 Sand 0/4 crushed-v13 2.22 142.46 85.32049535 1.67 2.22 4.940922497 1.000147595 14 Sand 0/4 crushed-v14 2.20 120.89 85.32049535 1.42 2.15 4.722294645 1.020321117 15 Sand 0/4 crushed-v15 2.15 143.36 85.32049535 1.68 2.23 4.779515958 0.9651177 16 Sand 0/4 crushed-v16 2.14 131.46 85.32049535 1.54 2.19 4.676208125 0.977018373

[0087] From all the results obtained for FM.sub.FM/Log10, which were presented in Table 4, one could calculate the average constant, k, for this material.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 FM.sub.FM/Log10 Average 1.014824 Variance 0.013132

[0088] The constant k is then 1.015. With this constant, one can then predict the Fineness Modulus of the hardened particles obtained with this specific initial aggregate, as a function of the Paste Volume used:

[00005]${\mathrm{FM}}_{\mathrm{FM}}=1.015.Math.{\mathrm{Log}}_{10}\left(\frac{\mathrm{PV}}{85.32}.Math.100\right)$

[0089] The spheres formed were then added to fresh concrete as coarse aggregates.

[0090] The method has the clear advantages of, not only allowing the production of agglomerated material, starting with any material with a particle size below 30 mm, but also predicting the Fineness Modulus of the final aggregates according to the initial paste volume used.

[0091] Therefore, one knows, according to the method of the invention, what type of Particle Size Distribution will be obtained from the initial paste volume used.

Example 3

[0092] The humidity, density, water absorption, as well as the Fineness Modulus, were calculated for three types of sand samples:

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Water Humidity Density absorption Sample [%] [kg/m3] [%] Sand L 11.06% 2391 0.31% Sand M 8.14% 2662 0.80% Sand S 7.44% 2504 0.38%

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Particle Size distribution [% of Passing at the following sieves in mm] Sample Bottom 0.0063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 8 16 20 Sand L 0.00% 3.00% 12.87% 42.57% 94.25% 99.05% 99.27% 99.45% 99.69% 99.79% 100.00% Sand M 0.00% 2.67% 14.88% 61.39% 92.88% 95.82% 96.56% 97.18% 97.79% 98.20% 100.00% Sand S 0.00% 1.01% 11.26% 92.10% 99.84% 99.96% 99.98% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

[0093] From the data in table 7, one could calculate the Fineness Modulus, as well as the parameters D.sub.10 and D.sub.90:

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 FM D10 manual finder (linear) D90 manual finder (linear) (0.063---> D < passing D > passing D10 D < passing D > passing D90 Sample 4 mm) 10 D < 10 10 D > 10 linear 90 D < 90 90 D > 90 linear Sand L 4.50 0.063 3.00% 0.125 12.87% 0.107 0.25 42.57% 0.5 94.25% 0.479 Sand M 4.61 0.063 2.67% 0.125 14.88% 0.100 0.25 61.39% 0.5 92.88% 0.477 Sand S 5.04 0.063 1.01% 0.125 11.26% 0.117 0.125 11.25% 0.25 92.10% 0.247

[0094] From this data, one could easily calculate the agglomerability of the material:

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Agglomerability FM Size parameters Fineness * Sample (0.063--->4 mm) D10 D90 D90/D10 (D90/D10) Sand L 4.50 0.107 0.479 4.481943 20.2 Sand M 4.61 0.100 0.477 4.760867 22.0 Sand S 5.04 0.117 0.247 2.102201 10.6

[0095] After going through the method of the invention (steps (a) to (b)), no spheres were obtained, as predicted by equation 1 and definition of agglomerability.

[0096] Therefore, by-pass dust was added to the three types of sand, in a total of 10 different compositions (Table 10):

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Composition Wastes [kg/m3] Wastes [% vol] Sand Sand Sand By-Pass Sand Sand By-Pass N. L S M Dust L S Sand M Dust 1 1462 0 0 413 80% 0% 0% 20% 2 1233 0 0 348 80% 0% 0% 20% 3 1472 0 0 416 80% 0% 0% 20% 4 0 1244 0 723 0% 65% 0% 35% 5 0 1049 0 610 0% 65% 0% 35% 6 0 1252 0 728 0% 65% 0% 35% 7 0 0 1767 235 0% 0% 88.40% 11.60% 8 0 0 1674 425 0% 0% 80% 20% 9 0 0 1627 413 0% 0% 80% 20% 10 0 0 1373 348 0% 0% 80% 20%

[0097] The Fineness Modulus was calculated for the 10 new compositions (Table 11):

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Hardened properties Fineness Paste Agglomerability Particle Size distribution [% of Passing at the following modulus volume of the raw Log10 sieves in mm] (0.063--->4) [l/m3] material (PV/Al* N. Bottom 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 FM.sub.RM PV Al PV/Al 100) k 1 0.00% 0.26% 1.62% 9.62% 32.00% 47.42% 74.75% 90.88% 2.57 499.21 73.9751197 6.75 2.83 0.9068 2 0.00% 0.59% 1.77% 6.62% 8.33% 9.15% 10.51% 15.22% 0.52 570.85 73.9751197 7.72 2.89 0.1807 3 0.00% 0.27% 2.05% 11.99% 37.27% 55.99% 73.63% 88.19% 2.69 496.57 73.9751197 6.71 2.83 0.9529 4 0.00% 0.73% 3.01% 10.50% 22.13% 48.62% 74.64% 88.28% 2.48 557.59 76.56763173 7.28 2.86 0.8661 5 0.00% 0.40% 6.29% 8.09% 9.53% 10.13% 15.88% 32.84% 0.83 589.96 76.56763173 7.71 2.89 0.2881 6 0.00% 0.23% 1.70% 9.96% 33.65% 61.79% 74.53% 85.69% 2.68 559.15 76.56763173 7.30 2.86 0.9344 7 0.00% 1.25% 4.98% 27.17% 44.33% 49.55% 60.19% 76.13% 2.64 429.08 36.29034817 11.82 3.07 0.8579 8 0.00% 0.04% 1.80% 19.00% 44.70% 54.88% 76.03% 92.56% 2.89 443.80 73.74055245 6.02 2.78 1.0398 9 0.00% 0.37% 1.92% 9.18% 27.48% 35.01% 52.11% 74.77% 2.01 458.58 73.74055245 6.22 2.79 0.7189 10 0.00% 0.39% 1.73% 7.42% 11.99% 15.73% 37.71% 64.32% 1.39 505.47 73.74055245 6.85 2.84 0.4911

[0098] The agglomerability of the material improved and spheres were formed, using a mix design according to Table 12.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Composition CEM I Wastes [kg/m3] Percentage considered as fines [% vol] Additives 42.5N w/b w/b Sand Sand Sand By-Pass Sand Sand Sand CEM I By-Pass [kg/m3] Density N. kg/m3 eff tot L S M Dust L S M 42.5N Dust Flocculant kg/m3 1 50 4 4.09 1462 0 0 413 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2130.25 2 300 0.8 0.813 1233 0 0 348 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2125.65 3 30 6.7 6.866 1472 0 0 416 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2124.73 4 50 4.8 4.808 0 1244 0 723 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2258.15 5 300 0.8 0.813 0 1049 0 610 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2203.65 6 30 8 8.2 0 1252 0 728 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2256.75 7 78 2.62 2.8 0 0 1767 235 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2299.15 8 28 6.6 7.08 0 0 1674 425 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2325.99 9 50 4 4.26 0 0 1627 413 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2303.75 10 300 0.7 0.733 0 0 1373 348 3.00% 1.01% 2.67% 95.71% 80.06% 0.75 2241.65

[0099] This experiment shows that with the method according to the invention, it is possible to agglomerate finely divided material, even when initially said agglomeration did not seem possible.

Example 4

[0100] This example was carried out to test the effect of adding pigments into the mix. Seven samples were prepared, one using only white cement, finely divided material (sand), water and a flocculant, according to the method of the invention, and the other six were prepared in a similar way, only with the addition of six different oxide based pigments in step a). All the pigments were added in a concentration equal to 5 kg/m.sup.3.

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 CEM I 52.5 white Aggregates Additives [kg/m3] N. Name kg/m3 w/b eff w/b tot 0/4 round 0/4 crushed Flocculent Pigments 1 Gravel from sandwhite 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 2 Gravel from sandwhite cem + red 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 red 3 Gravel from sandwhite cem + green 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 green 4 Gravel from sandwhite cem + yellow 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 yellow 5 Gravel from sandwhite cem + black 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 black 6 Gravel from sandwhite cem + green + yellow 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 green + yellow 7 Gravel from sandwhite cem + blue 300 0.7 0.76 0% 100% 0.5 blue

[0101] The different samples were mixed for 10-15 minutes after the flocculant was added. Spherical aggregates were formed in all 7 examples; the pigments had no negative effect on the spheres obtained.

[0102] The samples with pigments agglomerated in the same way as sample 1, which had no pigment. The size of the aggregates produced was similar. Table 14 and Table 15 show an average of the properties of the aggregates produced.

TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Hardened properties Los Particle Size distribution [% of Passing at the following Angeles sieves in mm] N. Name 7 days Bottom 0.064 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 1 Gravel from sandwhite 47.2 0.00% 1.13% 3.08% 4.59% 5.71% 7.46% 15.62% 36.60% 2 Gravel from sandwhite cem + red 3 Gravel from sandwhite cem + green 4 Gravel from sandwhite cem + yellow 5 Gravel from sandwhite cem + black 6 Gravel from sandwhite cem + green + yellow 7 Gravel from sandwhite cem + blue

TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Paste Agglomerability Fineness volume of the raw N. Name modulus [l/m3] material PV/Al Log10 (PV/Al*100) k 1 Gravel from sandwhite 0.74 323 199 1.62 2.21 0.335567972 2 Gravel from sandwhite cem + red 3 Gravel from sandwhite cem + green 4 Gravel from sandwhite cem + yellow 5 Gravel from sandwhite cem + black 6 Gravel from sandwhite cem + green + yellow 7 Gravel from sandwhite cem + blue

[0103] According to the method of the invention, one can predict the fineness modulus of the granules produced, and hence how fine or coarse the final material will be, through the formula:

[00006]${\mathrm{FM}}_{\mathrm{FM}}=0.336.Math.{\mathrm{Log}}_{10}\left(\frac{\mathrm{PV}}{199}.Math.100\right)$

[0104] The aggregates produced were used to produce patterns in a pathway at a municipal park.

Example 5

[0105] In this example, another raw material other than sand was tried, namely crushed brick. First, the raw material was characterized (Tables 16-19):

TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Particle Size distribution [% of Passing at the following sieves in mm] Sample Bottom 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 Crushed Bricks0/4 0.00% 0.96% 5.23% 14.28% 26.16% 43.41% 79.27% 100.00%

TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 18 D10 manual finder (linear) passing passing D10 Sample D < 10 D < 10 D > 10 D > 10 linear Crushed Bricks - 0/4 1.25E01 5.23% 2.50E01 14.28% 0.191

TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 19 D90 manual finder (linear) passing passing Sample D < 90 D < 90 D > 90 D > 90 D90 linear Crushed Bricks - 0/4 2 79.27% 4 100.00% 3.035

TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 20 FM Size parameters Agllomerability Sample (0.063--->4 mm) D10 D90 D90/D10 FM * (D90/D10) Crushed 2.69 0.191 3.035 15.90 43 Bricks - 0/4

[0106] It is predicted that the material can be easily granulated.

[0107] Ten mix designs were prepared according to the method of the invention:

TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 21 Composition CEM I 52.5 R TOTAL Aggregates Additives Vigier Fly ash BINDER Crushed [kg/m3] Density N. Name kg/m3 kg/m3 kg/m3 w/b eff w/b tot Bricks 0/4 Flocculant kg/m3 1 Gravel from brick-v1 16 7 23 3 10.4 1626 0.75 1808.40 2 Gravel from brick-v2 33 15 48 1.3 4.848 1622 0.75 1814.98 3 Gravel from brick-v3 23 0 23 3.6 10.91 1602 0.75 1875.93 4 Gravel from brick-v4 45 0 45 2 5.677 1576 0.75 1876.47 5 Gravel from brick-v5 300 0 300 0.7 1.186 1214 1.5 1869.80 6 Gravel from brick-v6 400 0 400 0.6 0.89 1103 0.75 1859.00 7 Gravel from brick-v7 250 0 250 0.6 1.153 1351 0.75 1889.25 8 Gravel from brick-v8 300 0 300 0.6 1.049 1268 1.5 1882.70 9 Gravel from brick-v9 250 0 250 0.8 1.34 1261 1.5 1846.00 10 Gravel from brick-v10 200 0 200 1 1.657 1289 1.5 1820.40

[0108] The results are summarized in Tables 22 and 23:

TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 22 Particle Size distribution [% of Passing at the following sieves in mm] N. Name Bottom 0.063 0.125 0.25 0.5 1 2 4 1 Gravel from brick-v1 0.00% 1.55% 3.75% 9.11% 17.58% 34.81% 74.87% 99.87% 2 Gravel from brick-v2 0.00% 2.22% 6.07% 13.19% 22.58% 39.28% 77.93% 99.91% 3 Gravel from brick-v3 0.00% 0.63% 1.30% 2.78% 9.53% 25.81% 68.58% 99.80% 4 Gravel from brick-v4 0.00% 0.60% 1.33% 2.34% 6.31% 24.18% 65.65% 99.32% 5 Gravel from brick-v5 0.00% 0.15% 0.34% 0.48% 0.64% 0.93% 2.67% 10.93% 6 Gravel from brick-v6 0.00% 0.16% 0.54% 0.76% 1.01% 1.50% 4.40% 17.20% 7 Gravel from brick-v7 0.00% 0.08% 0.22% 0.35% 0.50% 1.22% 11.16% 39.39% 8 Gravel from brick-v8 0.00% 0.11% 0.20% 0.27% 0.34% 0.49% 3.46% 13.55% 9 Gravel from brick-v9 0.00% 0.08% 0.25% 0.45% 0.70% 1.40% 8.55% 30.32% 10 Gravel from brick-v10 0.00% 0.10% 0.42% 0.69% 1.05% 1.95% 9.91% 30.48%

TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 23 Fineness Paste Agglo- modulus volume merability Log10 (0.063- [l/m3] of the raw PV/ (PV/ N. Name >4) PV material AI AI * 100) k AVERAGE Gravel from Brick 1.11 207.02 42.82 4.83 2.62 0.47 [00007]${\mathrm{FM}}_{\mathrm{FM}}=0.47.Math.{\mathrm{Log}}_{10}\left(\frac{\mathrm{PV}}{43}.Math.100\right)$