Ultraviolet sensing assembly

Abstract

A device that uses a UV sensing element capable of converting photons from a high temperature thermal source, to an electrical current. Such current is then compared with the theoretical current to be obtained from a source with the dimensions of the actual source. The theoretical current is obtained by integrating.

Claims

1. An ultraviolet sensing assembly for performing non-contact temperature measurements, comprising: a detector comprising a photodiode and a resistor; an analog-to-digital converter; a micro-controller; and a digital display; wherein the detector, the analog-to-digital converter, and the digital display are functionally connected to the micro-controller; wherein the detector is adapted to detect photons from ultraviolet radiation emitted from a high-temperature thermal source and to convert said photons from the high-temperature thermal source, via the photodiode, into a current of electrons that produces a corresponding analog voltage signal across the resistor; wherein the analog-to-digital converter is adapted to receive the analog voltage signal corresponding to the current of electrons from the detector and to convert the received analog voltage signal into a digital signal; wherein the micro-controller is adapted to receive the digital signal; wherein, by means of the following equation: $i={}_{{}_{\min }}^{{}_{\max }}\frac{2{\mathrm{hc}}^2}{{}^5}\frac{1}{e^{\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{\mathrm{kT}}}-1}4r_d^2\frac{A}{x^2}{e}^{-x}\left(\right)d$ the micro-controller is adapted to integrate the current of electrons to calculate a value for the temperature of the high-temperature thermal source; and wherein the display is adapted to display the temperature of the high-temperature thermal source.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims and accompanying drawings where:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a circuit that forms part of an ultraviolet thermometer, in accordance with principles of the present disclosure.

(3) FIG. 2 shows the ultraviolet sensing assembly, in accordance with principles of the present disclosure.

(4) FIG. 3 shows the spectral intensity distribution of Planck's black-body radiation.

(5) FIG. 4 shows the responsivity plot for the photodiode ultraviolet sensing assembly.

(6) FIGS. 5a-b show graphs of temperature as a function of X (X as the fraction of the thermal source total input power converted to thermal radiation).

(7) FIGS. 6a-b show a plot of concentration of particles as a function of X and plasma classification chart, respectively.

(8) FIGS. 7a-b show the mean Free Path as a function of X and thermal speed as a function of X, respectively.

(9) FIG. 8 shows relaxation Time as a function of X.

(10) FIGS. 9a-b show estimate for Debye length in units of meters and the plasma parameter, respectively.

(11) FIGS. 10a-b show plasma frequency as a function of X and plasma coupling as a function of X, respectively.

(12) FIG. 11 shows a plot obtained when estimating the wavelength of thermal radiation.

(13) FIGS. 12a-d show current v. temperature plots for various distances.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DISCLOSURE

(14) In the Summary above, the Description below, and in the accompanying drawings, reference is made to particular features of the present disclosure. It is to be understood that the disclosure includes possible combinations of such particular features. For example, where a particular feature is disclosed in the context of a particular aspect or exemplary embodiment, or a particular claim, that feature can also be used, to the extent possible, in combination with and/or in the context of other particular aspects and exemplary embodiments, and in the invention generally.

(15) While the specification will conclude defining the features of exemplary embodiments of the disclosure that are regarded as novel, it is believed that the disclosure will be better understood from a consideration of the following description in conjunction with the figures, in which like reference numerals are carried forward.

(16) This subject disclosure is concerned with instrumentation to measure high temperature plasmas basic parameters such as electron temperature and density, using its radiation in the UV band. The subject disclosure relates to performing a number of measurements using an EUV Photodetector and applying an inverted form of the Plank equation and the responsivity function of the Photodetector, to obtain a temperature vs. current characteristic. Once the characteristic is obtained, a simple measurement of the current of the diode gives an estimation of the temperature of the hot plasma.

(17) i. Estimation of Plasma Parameters

(18) Estimates for the various plasma parameters, including temperature T, and concentration of particles, are based on the Planck's black body radiation theory in the form of the Stefan Boltzmann Law, and Wien's Displacement Law. The application of these laws requires the establishing of thermodynamic equilibrium.

(19) ii. Estimation of Temperature and Concentration

(20) To estimate the temperature of the discharge T, we start by calculating the input power P.sub.e using the product of the current (210.sup.6 A) and voltage (1,000 V) at a thermal source. Defining X as the fraction of the total input power converted to thermal radiation:
P.sub.radiated=AT 4=XPe
where is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant and the emissivity assumed to be 1 (ideal radiator). The surface area of the discharge A was estimated to be the surface area of a cylinder with length scale of 10 cm, and diameter of about 1 cm. The temperature obtained is used to calculate thermal speeds and mean free path, that in turn will be used to estimate the relaxation time 96 , which is the time scale needed for the particles to reach equilibrium by collisions. FIG. 5a shows a graph of temperature in K as a function of X. For this plot X was taken in the range from 1% to 95% of the total input power P.sub.e. From FIG. 5a, the estimate for the temperature of the discharge is in the range from about 18,000 K to 55,000 K. FIG. 5b shows temperature expressed in eV.

(21) Assuming standard atmospheric pressure as 101,000 Pa, an estimate for the concentration of particles is simply given by ideal gas law,
c=n=P/kBT

(22) FIG. 6a shows a plot of concentration of particles as a function of X, showing an estimated number of orders of magnitude of 10.sup.23 particles per cubic meter. This temperature and concentration of particles place the plasma range in the high pressure discharge plasma classification (see FIG. 6b).

(23) iii. Thermodynamic Equilibrium

(24) In order to verify the presence of thermodynamic equilibrium in the discharge to justify the use of the equations above, the mean free path M and the thermal velocity are calculated, using results from the kinetic theory of gasses, as follows,
M=2cr.sup.2

(25) where c is the concentration, and r.sup.2 is the mean molecular cross-sectional area for air particles, given by approximately:
r.sup.2(0.21343 pm.sup.2+0.78364 pm.sup.2)=1,118.25 pm.sup.2.

(26) The radius for molecular nitrogen and oxygen is the mean kinetic radius. Species other than N2 and O2 have not been considered. The result is summarized in FIG. 7a showing M in an order of magnitude of 10.sup.6 m.

(27) Thermal speeds have been estimated by:
8k.sub.BT/m
which is strictly valid for spherical molecules, but this suffices the present interest of order of magnitude. The results are plotted in units of m/s vs X in FIG. 7b.
We define relaxation time , as the time taken for the particle to transverse the mean free path. This time is considered as the average time for particles to collide among themselves and establish thermodynamic equilibrium, and is given by:
=/.sub.M
Estimates for this equilibrium time are given in seconds by FIG. 8.
iv. Plasma Discharge Parameters and Behavior

(28) To characterize an ionized gas as a plasma the fundamental parameters are the Debye shielding length .sub.D, the plasma parameter , have to satisfy certain criteria. A plasma is defined as a collection of electrons, ions and neutrals that shows collective behavior, dominated by electromagnetic forces. Debye length .sub.D is the characteristic length-scale at which the plasma particle exists as individual charges. In order to have a plasma, as opposed to simply ionized gas, the number of particles in a volume of a Debye sphere must be sufficiently large that a considerable fraction of the particles in a plasma are charged, and therefore able to interact with external electromagnetic fields. The most important criteria is the smallness of . Debye length and plasma parameter were calculated using the following equations respectively:
D=.sub..sub.0.sub.k.sub.BT/e.sup.2c
=1/4n.sub.e.sup.3D

(29) The estimate for Debye length is shown in FIG. 9a in units of meters, and the plasma parameter is summarized in FIG. 9b. Plasma frequency by as a function of X is shown in FIG. 10a. Plasma frequency is given equation:
=ne.sup.2/.sub.0m

(30) The relative influence of electromagnetic forces in the plasma is characterized by the plasma coupling parameter , which is a ratio of electrostatic energy to thermal energy, and given by the following expression:
=.sup.2/4.sub.0k.sub.BT34c/3

(31) FIG. 10b shows plasma coupling as a function of X.

(32) v. Thermal Radiation Wavelength Estimate

(33) The previous estimates of the relevant plasma parameters suggest a temperature range of order of 18,000 to 55,000 K and a well-established thermal equilibrium in the whole length of the thermal source. To estimate the wavelength characteristic of such temperature range we use Planck's radiation equation:
max1.26c/k.sub.BT3 mK/T
where is the Planck's constant over 2, and c is speed of light in vacuum. Using this equation, the wavelength is computed in terms of the radiated pow.003/r fraction, obtaining the plot shown in FIG. 11. This wavelength is in the range of extreme UV. Based on temperature estimates and the validity of thermal equilibrium, the expected thermal radiation will be centered around 75 nm.

(34) Based on the theoretical estimates, we understand that the wavelength of the light emitted by the plasma must be between the spectrum of extreme ultraviolet light to soft x-rays. Moreover, given that the event of phenomenon happens in such a short period of time, it is necessary to have the ability to observe it with a high speed sensor such as a high velocity camera.

(35) vi. UV Sensing Assembly

(36) The subject disclosure provides a system and a method that employs a sensor to perform non-contact measurement of a thermal source (event/object) temperature. The sensor is a UV detector that monitors a portion or the entire UV-vis spectrum from the source. The sensor responds to UV radiation emanated from the source producing an electrical response (current) that is related to the source temperature. The current from the sensor is fed into an analog-to-digital (ND) converter to provide such information to a microprocessor in a digital form.

(37) An equation relating the current at a semiconducting detector to the temperature of the thermal source discharge is obtained as a function of source-detector distance, geometrical parameters of the discharge, and absorption coefficients for UV radiation. The equation gives the current at the diode detector as a function of the setup parameters (distance from source, geometrical parameters of the discharge, effective area of detector), the temperature of the discharge at thermodynamic equilibrium (see previous justification for TE) and the absorption coefficient for UV radiation for the atmosphere). The theory is based on Planck's radiation theory and takes into consideration the quantum efficiency (trough the responsivity function of the detector), the absorption of UV radiation by the atmosphere (mostly by oxygen and nitrogen), and the geometry of the discharge.

(38) The electrical current is related to the source's temperature as a function of the detector distance to the source under measurement, geometrical parameters of the source, the effective area of detector, and the absorption coefficients for UV radiation. The distance from the sensor to the source, geometrical parameters of the source, effective area of detector, and the absorption coefficients for UV radiation have to be determined or measured prior to or during the acquisition of the current.

(39) In order to obtain the desired temperatures, the subject disclosure requires the use of a photodiode detector 1 as a sensor. Equation 1 (shown below) gives the current at the diode detector 1 as a function of the setup parameters (distance from source, geometrical parameters of the source, effective area of detector), the temperature of the discharge at thermodynamic equilibrium and the absorption coefficient for UV radiation for the atmosphere.

(40) $\begin{array}{cc}\begin{array}{c}i\left(v,T,x,A,\right)=B\left(v,T\right)SR\\ =\frac{2{\mathrm{hv}}^3}{c^2}\frac{1}{e^{\frac{\mathrm{hv}}{\mathrm{kT}}}-1}S\frac{A}{x^2}{e}^{-x}R\\ =\frac{{\mathrm{hv}}^2}{c^2\left(e^{\frac{\mathrm{hv}}{\mathrm{kT}}}-1\right)}\frac{S}{2}\frac{A}{x^2}{e}^{-x}\end{array},& \mathrm{Equation}1\end{array}$
where h is the Planck's constant; c is the speed of light in vacuum; v is the frequency of the black body radiation; k is the Boltzmann's constant; T is the absolute temperature of the black body; S is the area of the thermal source; x is the distance of source to detector; is the coefficient of UV absorption; A is the area of detector; and R is the diode responsivity.

(41) Equation 1 is based on Plank's radiation theory and takes into consideration the quantum efficiency (trough the responsivity function of the detector), the absorption of UV radiation by the atmosphere (mostly by oxygen and nitrogen), and the geometry of the source. Plank's law explains the spectral-energy distributed by the radiation emitted by a black body together with the responsivity of the detectors. Planck's law for energy radiated per unit volume by cavity of a black body in a wavelength interval is given by:

(42) $\begin{array}{cc}B\left(,T\right)=\frac{2{\mathrm{hc}}^2}{{}^5}\frac{1}{e^{\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{\mathrm{kT}}}-1}& \mathrm{Equation}2\end{array}$
where k is Boltzmann constant, c is the speed of light, h is Planck's constant and T is the absolute temperature. FIG. 3 shows the spectral intensity distribution of Planck's black-body radiation.

(43) Photodiodes are semiconductor devices that can detect optical signals through electronic processes. The operation of a general photodetector includes basically three processes: carrier generation by incident light, carrier transport and/or multiplication by current-gain mechanism if present, and extraction of carriers as terminal current to provide the output signal. The photocurrent from the photodiode can be expressed in a metric of responsivity, using the optical power as reference and obtained through Equation 3:

(44) $\begin{array}{cc}\left(\right)=\frac{I_{\mathrm{ph}}}{P_{\mathrm{opt}}}=\frac{q}{\mathrm{hv}}=\frac{\left(m\right)}{1.24},& \mathrm{Equation}3\end{array}$

(45) Where I.sub.ph is the photocurrent, P.sub.opt is the optical power and is quantum efficiency describes by Equation 4:

(46) $\begin{array}{cc}=\frac{I_{ph}}{q}=\frac{I_{ph}}{q}\left(\frac{\mathrm{hv}}{P_{\mathrm{opt}}}\right)& \mathrm{Equation}4\end{array}$

(47) From Equations 2, 3 and 4, an equation yielding the output current of a photodiode detector as a function of the distance from source x, geometrical parameters of the discharge (r.sup.2.sub.d), effective area of detector (A), the temperature of the discharge at thermodynamic equilibrium (T), and the attenuation coefficient for the atmosphere a, is derived: from Equation 5:

(48) $\begin{array}{cc}i={}_{{}_{\min }}^{{}_{\max }}\frac{2{\mathrm{hc}}^2}{{}^5}\frac{1}{e^{\frac{\mathrm{hc}}{\mathrm{kT}}}-1}4r_d^2\frac{A}{x^2}{e}^{-x}\left(\right)d& \mathrm{Equation}5\end{array}$

(49) With Equation 5 and using the responsivity curve for the photodiode Opto Diode SXUV100 UV sensor (shown in FIG. 4), an approximate to the current corresponding to the temperature of a source of radiation somewhat similar to the thermal source is obtained. The limits of integration are taken from the range of operation of the diode. Having a close estimate to the temperature of the source allows for fine tuning of the measurement at the lab.

(50) The temperature estimate is obtained by evaluating the current obtained from Equation 5 in a wide range of temperatures (i.e., 1,000 K to 55,000 K in 100 increments), wide enough to make sure that the unit in test temperature is included. A current vs. temperature plot is obtained from the evaluation. The current experimentally obtained is thus compared to the current vs. temperature plot to obtain the temperature estimate.

(51) In sum, through Equation 1, the Plank's law described in Equation 2, the responsivity of the detectors described in Equation 3, where I.sub.ph is the photocurrent, P.sub.opt is the optical power and is quantum efficiency described in Equation 4, the sensor photocurrent as a function of temperature is obtained, as described in Equation 5.

(52) With Equation 5, and the responsivity curve from the photodiode manufacturer, a close approximation to the current corresponding to the temperature of a source is obtained.

(53) The arrangement in FIG. 1 shows an exemplary arrangement of a preferred embodiment of the sensing assembly. FIG. 1 shows a photodiode 1 together with a resistor 2 which conform the detector D. It should be noted that the diode produces an electric current (or current of electrons) that depends on the amounts of high-energy photons hitting upon the diode. Particularly, the photodiode 1 is adapted to receive photons in the ultraviolet wavelength range emanating from a high thermal source; and to convert the photons into electric current according to what appears on the responsivity graph, shown in FIG. 4. Responsivity measures the number of electrons that are measured for each photon that hits upon the diode. As such, the detector D captures photons from a high temperature thermal source and converts the photos into electric current. The detector D, then provides an analog signal to the Analog to Digital Converter 3, which converts the signal into digital form to be fed to the micro-controller 4, which by means of Equation 5 integrates the current of electrons and finds a value for the temperature in the i vs T characteristic of the detector. The obtained temperature is then sent to an adequate digital display 5, which could be embodied by a 7-segment display assembly, an LCD screen, a computer, or any other electronic device able to display a digital number. FIG. 2 shows the ultraviolet sensing assembly, in accordance with principles of the present disclosure. The micro-controller 4 may be a Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Micro-controller and the detector 2 may be an Opto Diode SXUV100 UV sensor.

(54) An experiment to verify the described method to obtain the temperature of the plasma discharge was set up. For this experiment, an electric arc was produced by a Miller Multimatic 200 AC/DC welding machine, in the TIG configuration, using a Tungsten gray band rod 3/32 and a piece of 1 thick Chromoly and argon gas was used for enhancing the electric arc stability. The welder was used in an DC configuration. The welding machine output was approximately 210 A at 18.4 V, 20% duty cycle. The melting point for Chromoly steel is about 1,432 C. and for the gray welding Tungsten rod 3/32 about 3,433 C., both were melted during each step of the experiment.

(55) For data acquisition, the Raspberry Pi 4 Model B Micro-controller together with a data acquisition board DAQC2Plate 6 were used with the Opto Diode SXUV100 UV sensor. The Opto Diode SXUV100 UV sensor has a maximum response time of 6 s, and was connected to the analog input 0 of the data acquisition board in parallel with a 1800 resistor.

(56) Measurements of temperature were taken by placing the sensor at various distances from the discharge or thermal source, namely 1.04 m, 1.4 m, 2.21 m and 2.95 m. Using Equation 5, the curve of diode output current vs. temperature for each of those distances was computed and plotted in FIGS. 12a, 12b, 12c, and 12d. The maximum current obtained in the measurements performed for each of the distances is plotted, to indicate the estimated temperature for each measurement where the maximum current value crosses the current vs. temperature plot. The attenuation coefficient was considered constant for all frequencies in the radiation impacting the diode, and the reflection of the room where the experiment was realized was considered also constant. It may be observed that the maximum current intersects the current vs. temperature in a range from 2900 K to 3900 K, while two of the plots show an intersection at about 3400 K, which is the expected temperature of the discharge. The variation is attributed to attenuation and reflection processes.

(57) In light of the foregoing description, it should be recognized that embodiments in accordance with the present invention can be realized in numerous configurations contemplated to be within the scope and spirit of the claims. Additionally, the description above is intended by way of example only and is not intended to limit the present invention in any way, except as set forth in any future claim.