PROCESS FOR POLYMERIZING FLUOROMONOMERS USING A COMBINATION OF FLUORINATED AND NONFLUORINATED SURFACTANT

Abstract

The present invention discloses a process for polymerizing fluoromonomers in an aqueous medium to form a fluoropolymer, said process comprising the steps of: (a) forming an aqueous solution comprising a first surfactant combination of at least one fluorinated surfactant and at least one non-10 fluorinated surfactant in a polymerization reactor; (b) pressurizing the polymerization reactor with said fluoromonomers; (c) initiating a polymerization reaction of said fluoromonomers to form said fluoropolymer; (d) propagation of said polymerization reaction, wherein a second surfactant combination of at least one fluorinated surfactant and at least one non-fluorinated surfactant is 15 metered or one shot dosed into the polymerization reactor; and (e) termination of said polymerization reaction after consumption of a desired quantity of said fluoromonomers.

Claims

1. A process for polymerizing fluoromonomers in an aqueous dispersion medium to form a fluoropolymer, comprising: a) forming an aqueous solution comprising a first surfactant combination of at least one fluorinated surfactant and at least one non-fluorinated surfactant in a polymerization reactor; b) pressurizing the polymerization reactor with said fluoro monomers; c) initiating a polymerization reaction of said fluoromonomers to form said fluoropolymer; d) propagation of said polymerization reaction, wherein a second surfactant combination of at least one fluorinated surfactant and at least one non-fluorinated surfactant is metered into the or one shot dosed into the reactor; and polymerization reactor; e) termination of said polymerization reaction after consumption of a desired quantity of said fluoromonomers; wherein the molecular weight of the fluoropolymer ranges from 1×10.sup.3 to 9×10.sup.8, wherein the non-fluorinated disulfonate type hydrocarbon containing surfactant comprises 18 to 36 carbon atoms and wherein the proportions between the at least one fluorinated surfactant and the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the first surfactant combination are either the same or different from the proportions between the at least one fluorinated surfactant and the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the second surfactant combination.

2. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the process is devoid of passivating the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant in the first surfactant combination and/or the second surfactant combination.

3. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the second surfactant combination is metered or one shot dosed into the polymerization reactor during the polymerization reaction at a pre-determined rate.

4. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aqueous emulsion comprises stabilizing agents such as paraffin wax.

5. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one fluorinated surfactant within the first surfactant combination is either the same as or different from the at least one fluorinated surfactant within the second surfactant combination.

6. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the first surfactant combination is either the same as or different from the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the second surfactant combination.

7. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the at least one fluorinated surfactant has structure represented by formula 1: ##STR00010## Formula 1 Wherein R.sub.1− is a fully or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group with carbon number 2 to 5. Ry− branched or unbranched alkyl group with carbon number 2 to 6. A− contains at least one anionic head group selected from -coo-, —SO.sub.3—, etc. M+ is a monovalent cation selected from hydrogen, an alkali metal, or ammonium ion.

8. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein Non-fluorinated disulfonate type hydrocarbon containing surfactant has a structure represented by Formula 2
R1-[ArnXn-1]-(S03M+)m;  Formula 2 Wherein; R− being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms; I− being an alkyl group varying varying from integer from 1 to 2 Ar− being an aryl group; n− being an integer ranging from 1 to 2; X− being a bridging between aryl groups Ar, wherein the bridging is CH2 or linkage by either an ether or an amine function or N (C2H.sub.5)3 or carbonyl group (C═O) M+ being a monovalent cation consisting of hydrogen, an alkali metal, NH4.sub.+ or combinations thereof; and m being an integer ranging from 1 to 2.

9. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aqueous emulsion comprises an initiator, for initiating the polymerization process, selected from the group consisting of Disuccinic Acid Peroxide (DSAP), Ammonium Persulphate (APS), redox initiators, and combinations thereof.

10. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first surfactant combination comprises the at least one fluorinated surfactant in an amount higher than the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant and/or wherein the second surfactant combination comprises the at least one fluorinated surfactant in an amount smaller than the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant.

11. The process as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first surfactant combination and/or the second surfactant combination comprises only one fluorinated and/or only one non-fluorinated surfactant.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

[0052] FIG. 1: Is a flow diagram illustrating process steps in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0053] Discussed below are some representative embodiments of the present invention. The invention in its broader aspects is not limited to the specific details and representative methods. An illustrative example is described in this section in connection with the embodiments and methods provided.

[0054] It is to be noted that, as used in the specification, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to a composition containing “a compound” includes a mixture of two or more compounds. It should also be noted that the term “‘or” is generally employed in its sense including “and/or” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.

[0055] The expression of various quantities in terms of “%” or “% w/w” means the percentage by weight of the total solution or composition unless otherwise specified.

[0056] The present invention, in all its aspects, is described in detail as follows:

[0057] Described herein is a novel process that minimizes the use of perfluorinated or partially fluorinated surfactants in the polymerization of fluoromonomers, without adding complex reaction steps. The novel process for preparing fluoromonomers of low to high molecular weight, utilizing a combination of fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactants, comprises the steps of: [0058] a) forming an aqueous solution comprising a first surfactant combination of at least one fluorinated surfactant and at least one non-fluorinated surfactant in a polymerization reactor; [0059] b) pressurizing the polymerization reactor with said fluoromonomers; [0060] c) initiating a polymerization reaction of said fluoromonomers to form said fluoropolymer; [0061] d) propagation of said polymerization reaction, wherein a second surfactant combination of at least one fluorinated surfactant and at least one non-fluorinated surfactant is metered into the polymerization reactor; [0062] e) termination of said polymerization reaction after consumption of a desired quantity of said fluoromonomers;

[0063] wherein the molecular weight of the fluoropolymer ranges from 1×10.sup.3 to 9×10.sup.8, and wherein the proportions between the at least one fluorinated surfactant and the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the first surfactant combination is either the same or different from the proportions between the at least one fluorinated surfactant and the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the second surfactant combination. The non fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing sulfonate type surfactant comprises 18 to 36 carbon atoms.

[0064] Preferably, pressurizing the polymerization reactor may be done with said flouromonomers results in an aqueous emulsion of flouromonomers within step (b).

[0065] The aqueous emulsion formed in the present invention comprises surfactants, fluoromonomers, initiators, and optionally paraffin wax.

[0066] Surfactant

[0067] The term “surfactant” means a type of molecule which has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which allows it to stabilize and disperse hydrophobic molecules and aggregates of hydrophobic molecules in aqueous systems.

[0068] The at least one fluorinated surfactant has structure represented by formula 1

##STR00002##

[0069] Wherein

[0070] R.sub.f− is a fully or partially fluorinated linear or branched alkyl group with carbon number 2 to 5.

[0071] R.sub.y− branched or unbranched alkyl group with carbon number 2 to 6.

[0072] A.sup.− contains at least one anionic head group selected from —COO.sup.−, —SO.sub.3—, etc.

[0073] M.sup.+ is a monovalent cation selected from hydrogen, an alkali metal or ammonium ion

[0074] Fluorinated surfactants useful for the polymerization of fluoromonomers according to the embodiments of the present invention, include but not limited to, sodium or potassium salt of perfluorobutane sulfonic acid, branched C.sub.2 or C.sub.3 short chain, dimer or trimer, fluorinated surfactants. One such branched C.sub.2 short chain fluorinated surfactant useful in the present invention is partially fluoriated comprises only C.sub.2 fluoro-chains, and shows no oral, aquatic and inhalation toxicity. Tests of the surfactant on bacterial cultures did not show any mutagenicity, and no bioaccumulation was observed.

[0075] Examples of the non-fluorinated surfactants useful in the present invention, include but not limited to, sulfonate type hydrocarbon surfactant, or a salt thereof, Preferably, the non fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing sulfonate type surfactant comprises 18 to 36 carbon atoms, wherein the molecular weight of the fluoropolymer ranges from 1×10.sup.3 to 9×10.sup.8.

[0076] The sulfonate type hydrocarbon surfactant has a structure represented by

RI-[ArnXn-1]-(SO3M.sub.+)m  Formula 2

[0077] Wherein;

[0078] R being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms;

[0079] I being an alkyl group varying from integer from 1 to 2

[0080] Ar being an aryl group;

[0081] n being an integer ranging from 1 to 2;

[0082] X being a bridging between aryl groups Ar, wherein the bridging is CH.sub.2 or linkage by either an ether or an amine function or N (C.sub.2H.sub.5).sub.3 or carbonyl group (C═O)

[0083] M.sub.+ being a monovalent cation consisting of hydrogen, an alkali metal, NH.sub.4.sup.+ or combinations thereof; and

[0084] m being an integer ranging from 1 to 2.

[0085] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (STR1) represented by Formula 1;

##STR00003##

[0086] Wherein R is an alkyl group and M is a monovalent cation selected from the group consisting of hydrogen ions, alkali metal ions and ammonium ions. Preferably, R may be a branched alkyl group or a linear alkyl group. Preferably, M is selected from the group consisting of potassium, sodium and ammonium.

[0087] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (#STR 2) represented by Formula 1,

##STR00004##

[0088] Wherein R being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms;

[0089] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (#STR 3) represented by Formula 1

##STR00005##

[0090] Wherein R being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0091] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (#STR 4) represented by Formula 1;

##STR00006##

[0092] Wherein R being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0093] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (#STR 5) represented by Formula 1;

##STR00007##

[0094] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (#STR 6) represented by Formula 1,

##STR00008##

[0095] Wherein R being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms

[0096] In an embodiment, a non-fluorinated, hydrocarbon containing, sulfonate type surfactant in accordance with an embodiment has a structure (#STR 7) represented by formula 1

##STR00009##

[0097] Wherein R being an alkyl group consisting of a number of 2 to 20 carbon atoms.

[0098] The at least one fluorinated surfactant used in the present invention within the first surfactant combination is either the same as or different from the at least one fluorinated surfactant within the second surfactant combination.

[0099] Likewise, the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant used in the present invention within the first surfactant combination is either the same as or different from the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant within the second surfactant combination.

[0100] Preferably, the first surfactant combination is added in one shot into the reactor and the second surfactant combination is metered into the polymerization reactor during the polymerization reaction at a pre-determined rate. More preferably, the first surfactant combination is added into the polymerization reactor in one shot prior to kickoff of the polymerization reaction, and the second surfactant combination is metered into the polymerization reactor after consumption of predetermined amount of fluoromonomer.

[0101] In some embodiments, the first surfactant combination contains the at least one fluorinated surfactant in an amount higher than the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant and/or the second surfactant combination contains the at least one fluorinated surfactant in an amount smaller than the at least one non-fluorinated surfactant.

[0102] In alternate embodiments, the first surfactant combination and/or the second surfactant combination consists of only one fluorinated and/or only one non-fluorinated surfactant.

[0103] Addition of first surfactant combination—fluorinated surfactant may range from 90-100% and Non fluorinated surfactant may range from 0-10% of the the total composition. It may range greater than or equal to 72 ppm

[0104] Fluoromonomers

[0105] The term “fluoromonomer” or the expression “fluorinated monomer” means a polymerizable alkene which contains at least one fluorine atom, fluoroalkyl group, or fluoroalkoxy group attached to the double bond of the alkene that undergoes polymerization. The term “fluoropolymer” and fluoroelastomers means a polymer or elastomer formed by the polymerization of at least one fluoromomer, and it is inclusive of homopolymers, copolymers, terpolymers and higher polymers. Examples of fluoromonomers that can be used in the present invention include but are not limited to tetrafluoroethylene (TFE), Hexa Fluopropylene (HFP), Polypropyl vinyl Ether (PPVE), Polymethyl Vinyl Ether (PMVE), chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), vinylidene fluoride (VDF), vinylfluoride (VF), and so forth, each of which can be used individually or in combination. Preferably, the fluoromonomer is tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and the fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Although, the embodiments of the present invention are described in terms of polymerization of TFE, the process described herein can be applied to the polymerization of any fluoromonomer. The aqueous emulsion further comprises an initiator for initiating the polymerization process.

[0106] Initiators

[0107] The term “initiator” and the expressions “radical initiator” and “free radical initiator” refer to a chemical that is capable of providing a source of free radicals, either induced spontaneously, or by exposure to heat or light. Examples of suitable initiators include peroxides, peroxy dicarbonates and azo compounds. Initiators may also include reduction-oxidation systems which provide a source of free radicals. The term “radical” and the expression “free radical” refer to a chemical species that contains at least one unpaired electron.

[0108] The radical initiator is added to the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient to initiate and maintain the polymerization reaction rate. The radical initiator may comprise a persulfate salt, such as sodium persulfate, potassium persulfate, or ammonium persulfate. Alternatively, the radical initiator may comprise a redox system. “Redox system” is understood by a person skilled in the art to mean a system comprising an oxidizing agent, a reducing agent and optionally, a promoter as an electron transfer medium. In a preferred embodiment, the radical initiator is selected from the group consisting of Disuccinic Acid Peroxide (DSAP), Ammonium Persulphate (APS), redox initiator and combinations thereof. These radical initiators may also function as oxidizing agents and may form redox systems with reducing agents such as sodium sulfite and sodium bisulfite. The addition of oxidizing agent may ranges from 80-300 ppm. The addition of reducing agent may range above 7 ppm.

[0109] Chain Transfer Agents

[0110] Chain transfer agents, also referred to as modifiers or regulators, comprise of at least one chemically weak bond. A chain transfer agent reacts with the free-radical site of a growing polymer chain and halts an increase in chain length. Chain transfer agents are often added during emulsion polymerization to regulate chain length of a polymer to achieve the desired properties in the polymer. Examples of chain transfer agents that can be used in the present invention include, but not limited to, halogen compounds, hydrocarbons in general, aromatic hydrocarbons, thiols (mercaptans), alcohols and so forth; each of which can be used individually or in combination.

[0111] Polymerization Conditions

[0112] The temperature for the polymerization reaction may vary, for example, from 15 to 110° C., depending on the initiator system chosen and the reactivity of the fluoromonomer(s) selected. In a preferred embodiment, the polymerization is carried out at a temperature in the range of 65 to 100° C. Preferably, the non-fluorinated surfactants used in the present invention are not passivated prior to adding the polymerization reactor.

[0113] The pressure used for polymerization may vary from 2-200 bar, depending on the reaction equipment, the initiator system, and the monomer selection. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction is carried out at a pressure in the range of 10 to 60 bar.

[0114] The polymerization occurs under stirring or agitation. The stirring may be constant, or may be varied to optimize process conditions during the course of the polymerization. In one embodiment, both multiple stirring speeds and multiple temperatures are used for controlling the reaction.

[0115] According to an embodiment of the process of the invention, a pressurized polymerization reactor equipped with a stirrer and heat control means is charged with water, preferably deionized water. Paraffin wax may optionally be added.

[0116] Prior to introduction of the surfactant, and monomer or monomers into the reaction vessel and commencement of the reaction, air is preferably removed from the reactor in order to obtain an oxygen-free environment for the polymerization reaction. Preferably, the oxygen is removed from the reaction vessel until its concentration is less than 10 ppm. The reactor may also be purged with a neutral gas such as, for example, nitrogen or argon.

[0117] A first surfactant combination in accordance with the invention is added into the polymerization reactor. Preferably, the first surfactant combination is added in an amount greater than 50 ppm, based on the weight of the aqueous medium, in one shot into the polymerization reactor. More preferably the fluorinated surfactants are added in an amount greater than 50 ppm and the non-fluorinated surfactants are added in an amount greater than 1 ppm based on the weight of the de-ionized water in the polymerization reactor. Preferably, surfactant proportions (fluorinated surfactant):(non-fluorinated surfactant) within the first surfactant combination are between 90:10 and 100:0. The first surfactant combination may be dissolved in a suitable solvent before adding into the polymerization reactor. Addition of first surfactant combination-fluorinated surfactant may range from 90-100% and Non fluorinated surfactant may range from 0-10% of the the total composition. It may range greater than or equal to 72 ppm

[0118] The reactor is then heated up to the reaction temperature and pressurized with at least one fluoromonomer. Thereafter, initiators are added into the reaction vessel to initiate the polymerization reaction. Preferably, the initiator is added in an amount in the range from 70 to 1500 ppm, based on the weight of the de-ionized water.

[0119] After initiating the polymerization reaction, the second surfactant combination of fluorinated surfactants and non-fluorinated surfactants is metered or one shot dosed into the polymerization reactors at a rate ranging from 0.02 g/Lh to 0.06 g/Lh. Preferably, the second surfactant combination is added in an amount in the range of 100 to 4000 ppm, more preferably in an amount of 200 to 3500 ppm, based on the weight of the aqueous medium. More preferably, the fluorinated surfactants are added in an amount greater than 10 ppm and the non-fluorinated surfactants are added in an amount greater than 150 ppm based on the weight of the de-ionized water in the polymerization reactor. Preferably, the surfactant proportions (fluorinated surfactant):(non-fluorinated surfactant) within the second surfactant combination are between 20:80 and 5:95. The second surfactant combination may be dissolved in a suitable solvent before metering into the polymerization reactor. Metering or one-shot dosing of the second surfactant combination into the polymerization reactor is commenced after a drop in the reactor pressure in the range of 0.5 to 0.7 bar or a consumption of about 1 to 3.5 kg of the fluoromonomers. Addition of second surfactant combination—fluorinated surfactant may range up to 10% and Non-fluorinated surfactant may range upto 90% of the total composition.

[0120] Upon completion of the polymerization reaction, the reactor is brought to ambient temperature and the residual unreacted monomer is vented to atmospheric pressure. The aqueous reaction medium containing the fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. Preferably, the solid content ranges from 10 to 65%, more preferably from 20 to 30% and the particle size of the fluoropolymer particles ranges from 80 to 350 nm. After consumption of defined quantity of fluoromonomers, stop the fluoromonomers supply and agitator.

[0121] The present invention is more particularly described in the following example that is intended as illustration only, since numerous modifications and variations within the scope of the present invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Unless otherwise noted, all parts, percentages, and ratio reported in the following examples are on a weight basis, and all reagents used in the examples were obtained or are available from the chemical suppliers.

[0122] The following examples illustrate the basic methodology and versatility of thepresent invention.

EXAMPLES

Example-1

[0123] A 150 L polymerization reactor equipped with a stirrer and heat control means was charged with 70 L of water, preferably deionized water, and 3 g of paraffin wax.

[0124] Prior to introduction of the surfactant, and monomer or monomers into the reaction vessel and commencement of the reaction; air was removed from the reactor in order to obtain an oxygen-free, oxygen concentration of less than 10 ppm, environment for the polymerization reaction, and a first-surfactant-Combination of fluorinated surfactant, and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 95-100:0-5 was added. Oxalic acid 57 ppm was added as reducing agent. The reactor was then heated up to the reaction temperature of 70 to 75° C. and pressurized to 24 Kg/cm.sup.2 with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomer. Thereafter, initiators potassium permanganate (KMnO.sub.4) was added in continuous manner the reaction vessel to initiate the polymerization reaction. After initiating the polymerization reaction, and consumption of 5.2% of total TFE consumption, the second surfactant combination comprising fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 5:95 and combination of ammonium persulfate (7.14 ppm) and disuccinic acid peroxide (428.6 ppm) were added in one-shot into the polymerization reactor.

[0125] Upon consumption of 24 kg of TFE in the polymerization reaction, the reactor was brought to ambient temperature and the residual unreacted monomer wasvented to atmospheric pressure for recovery. The aqueous reaction medium containing the fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. The latex concentration was 23.44% and the latex particle size of the fluoropolymer particles was 219.9 nm.

Example-2

[0126] As per example-1 polymerization system and condition, a first surfactant combination of fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 95-100:0-5 was added. Oxalic acid 57 ppm was added as reducing agent. The reactor was then heated up to the reaction temperature of 70 to 75° C. and pressurized to 24 Kg/cm.sup.2 with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomer. Thereafter, initiators potassium permanganate (KMnO.sub.4) was added in continuous manner the reaction vessel to initiate the polymerization reaction. After initiating the polymerization reaction, and consumption of 5.4% of total TFE consumption, the second surfactant combination comprising fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 5:95 and disuccinic acid peroxide (857.14 ppm) were added in one-shot into the polymerization reactor.

[0127] Upon consumption of 24 kg of TFE in the polymerization reaction, the reactor was brought to ambient temperature and the residual unreacted monomer was vented to atmospheric pressure for recovery. The aqueous reaction medium containing the fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. The latex concentration was 22.91% and the latex particle size of the fluoropolymer particles was 234.3 nm.

Example-3

[0128] As per example-1 polymerization system and condition, a first surfactant combination of fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 95-100:0-5 was added. The reactor was then heated up to the reaction temperature of 85 to 90° C. and pressurized to 24 Kg/cm.sup.2 with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomer. Thereafter, initiators ammonium persulfate (7.14 ppm) and disuccinic acid peroxide (514.28 ppm) were added the reaction vessel to initiate the polymerization reaction. After initiating the polymerization reaction, and consumption of 5.4% of total TFE consumption, the second surfactant combination comprising fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 5:95 and disuccinic acid peroxide (857.14 ppm) were added in one-shot into the polymerization reactor.

[0129] Upon consumption of 24 kg of TFE in the polymerization reaction, the reactor was brought to ambient temperature and the residual unreacted monomer wasvented to atmospheric pressure for recovery. The aqueous reaction medium containing the fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. The latex concentration fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. The latex concentration was 25.0% and the latex particle size of the fluoropolymer particles was 181.3 nm.

Example-4

[0130] As per example-1 polymerization system and condition, a first surfactant combination of fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 95-100:0-5 was added. The reactor was then heated up to the reaction temperature of 85 to 90° C. and pressurized to 24 Kg/cm.sup.2 with tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) monomer. Thereafter, initiators ammonium persulfate (7.14 ppm) and disuccinic acid peroxide (514.28 ppm) were added the reaction vessel to initiate the polymerization reaction. After initiating the polymerization reaction, and consumption of 5.4% of total TFE consumption, the second surfactant combination comprising fluorinated and non-fluorinated surfactant in a ratio of 5:95 and disuccinic acid peroxide (428.57 ppm) were added in one-shot into the polymerization reactor.

[0131] Upon consumption of 24 kg of TFE in the polymerization reaction, the reactor was brought to ambient temperature and the residual unreacted monomer was vented to atmospheric pressure for recovery. The aqueous reaction medium containing the fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. The latex concentration fluoropolymer is then recovered from the reaction vessel. The latex concentration was 25.52% and the latex particle size of the fluoropolymer particles was 204.8 nm.

SUMMARY OF EXAMPLES

[0132]

TABLE-US-00001 Units Example-1 Example-2 Example-3 Example-4 Preparation work DI Water litres 70 70 70 70 wax kg 3 3 3 3 Fluorinated surfactant g 4.75 3.5 4 4 Non-Flluorinated g 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.1 Agitator RPM 50 50 50 50 Reactor Pressure with TFE bars 24 24 24 24 Pressure drop Actual 24-23.3 24-23.3 24-23.3 24-23.3 Reaction Start temp ° C. 74.03 75.47 92 90.4 Concentration of KMnO.sub.4 % 0.025 0.025 — — DSAP for reaction kick-off g — — 36 36 APS for reaction kick off g — — 0.5 0.1 KMnO4 initial dosing rate for g/min 50 50 — — reaction kick-off KMnO4 dosing rate immediate g/min 12 12 — — after pressure drop Prepare Surfactant solution metering or metering or metering or metering or in 1 L DI water one-shot dosing one-shot dosing one-shot dosing one-shot dosing Fluorinated surfactant g 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 Non-Flluorinated g 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 DSAP mix with surfactant soln g 30 60 60 30 APS mix with surfactant soln g 0.5 0 0 0 Surfactant dosing start at TFE kg TFE 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 consumption End Temperature ° C. 75 75.36 91 89.37 TFE consumption kg 24 24 23.5 24 KMNO4solution consumption kg (0.025%) 3.68 4.37 — — Active KMNO4 g 0.92 1.0925 — — Reaction Time min 219 191 132 177 Results on Liquids Latex Conc % 23.44 22.91 25 25.52 LPS nm 219.9 234.3 181.9 204.8 pH 2.64 2.66 2.6 2.7 Results on Solids SSG g/cm3 2.169 2.170 2.197 2.180 ESG g/cm3 2.188 2.191 2.223 2.197 PEX (400:1) MPa 32.92 33.02 37.7 35.35 Melting point (1st) ° C. 344.37/339.31 339.15 338.27 339.12 Full width at half maximum ° C. 11.32 11.09 8.52 9.31 Enthalpy 1st fusion J/g 61.04 57.89 61.01 59.53 Tensile MPa 26.34 28.65 30.85 27.12 Elongation % 260.6 279.4 423.7 295.5 TII 21 21 25 17

[0133] The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The present embodiments are therefore, to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive.