In a submerged discharge device, a pair of electrodes is arranged in a liquid in a reservoir to receive an alternating voltage from an alternating power source, thereby generating a submerged discharge using a discharger arranged in the liquid between the pair of electrodes. A surface of this pair of electrodes has a coating that ensures the submerged discharge generated by the discharger. This may reduce the area of contact between the surface of the pair of electrodes and the liquid in the treatment vessel to reduce the consumption of the pair of electrodes.

Systems and methods for sanitizing pool and spa water are provided. An electrolytic chlorinator is provided which includes a combined flow, temperature, and salt concentration sensor. The electrolytic chlorinator could include an acid tank for in-situ cleaning of the electrolytic chlorinator or acidification of pool/spa water where needed. A delayed polarity reversal technique is provided for de-scaling and managing passivation of the blades of an electrolytic chlorinator. The electrolytic chlorinator could include a sacrificial anode for protecting components of the chlorinator as well as other pool/spa components. The electrolytic chlorinator could include an integral, electrically-controlled acid generator, a brine tank for periodically superchlorinating and/or shocking pool/spa water, and/or a plurality of chemical tanks/feeds for periodically injecting chemicals into the chlorinator. A combined ultraviolet (UV)/Ozone and salt (electrolytic) chlorine generator is provided, as well as: filters having integral UV sanitizers; reflective linings for UV sanitization systems; means for injecting bubbles into pool/spa water; and a system for acquiring and analyzing samples of pool/spa water using an unmanned aircraft (drone).

An electrochemical oxidation reactor includes rotatable electrodes inside a reactor vessel. The electrodes treat liquid within the reactor and are mounted to support plates, which in turn are mounted on each of two independently-driven shafts. The plates are attached to each other in a spaced relationship so that a gap is formed therebetween. The gap is sized to receive liquid to be treated so that liquid located within the gap will react with the electrodes. The shafts are rotatable at equal or different relative rotational speeds and directions. Additionally, each shaft may be independently linearly displaced in an oscillatory movement at equal or different frequencies. The relative shaft rotation, direction and axial vibration translate similar movements to the electrodes and such movement generates turbulence to the liquid located within the gap. The turbulence increases the interaction between liquid and the electrodes.

A water purification electrode composed of a porous carbon material is disclosed. The electrode may be used as a flow-through cathode in an electro-peroxone process providing high H.sub.2O.sub.2 production activity for electrochemical wastewater treatment. The porous carbon material is a binding agent-free carbon structure that enables H.sub.2O.sub.2 to be electro-generated in situ at cathode. The porous carbon material may be synthesized from resorcinol and can provide a relatively large reaction surface area of 200-800 m.sup.2/g. The porous carbon material also achieves low energy consumption as well as a wide pH working range, making it suitable for treating many types of organic, inorganic, and biological contaminants in water. The electrode may be integrated with an anode, ozone generator, and other components into a compact, integrated water purification system.

An apparatus that can be connected to a conventional sprayer bottle that permits the sprayer bottle to generate ozonated water to be used as a cleaning fluid. The apparatus includes an ozonator element coupled at one end of an electrical cable and an electrical connector coupled at the other end of the electrical cable. An aperture is formed in the sidewall of the bottle and the ozonator element, electrical cable and connector are passed through a top opening in the bottle portion. The electrical connector is then releasably secured within the aperture with the ozonator element being submerged in the water contained within the bottle. The dip tube of the spray head is then passed through the top opening and into the water in the bottle and the spray head is secured onto the bottle. Electrical energy is provided through the connector to the ozonator element to ozonate the water in the bottle for predetermined period of time after which the sprayer bottle contains ozonated water for cleaning. After another predetermined period of time, the ozonator element is energized again to ensure ozonated water is always available. A related apparatus can be connected between a feedpipe and a water reservoir for making the reservoir an ozonating water source.

An electrolytic reactor for the electrolytic treatment of a fluid is disclosed. The reactor comprises an electrolytic chamber, an electrode cartridge comprising an electrode assembly longitudinally extending from a crown section configured to operatively seal the electrolytic chamber when the electrode assembly is inserted in the electrolytic chamber; an inlet extending perpendicularly to a vertical longitudinal axis defined by the electrolytic chamber; and an outlet extending through the crown section along the vertical longitudinal axis defined by the electrolytic chamber, the outlet being configured to be in fluid communication with the electrolytic chamber when the electrolytic chamber is sealed by the crown section. Advantageouslly, by having the outlet extending upwardly above the electrodes, any dead zone typically found on electrodes at the level of the outlet are eliminated, increaing as such the useful surface area of the electrodes spanning the entire length of the electrolytic chamber.

A water treatment system is provided. The system includes a container holding a reactant liquid within the container. The system further includes an electrode capsule removably retained within the container and submerged in the reactant liquid. The electrode capsule operates to generate reactant gas by operating within the reactant liquid. The system includes a cap releasably coupled to an opening of the container. The cap includes a nozzle that allows flow of reactant gas out of the container to treat an amount of water.

Disclosed are a method and system for resource treatment of a reverse osmosis concentrated brine (ROC) by bipolar membrane electrodialysis. The method includes: adding a calcium-magnesium precipitant to ROC, and mixing, to remove hardness; filtering a resulting mixture through diatomaceous earth, to intercept an organic matter and a precipitate; adjusting a resulting filtrate to be acidic with a pH adjuster; feeding a resulting acidic filtrate in an electro-Fenton reaction device, and subjecting the resulting acidic filtrate to oxidation under an acidic environment, such that a chemical oxygen demand removal rate is not less than 97%; subjecting a resulting effluent from the electro-Fenton reaction device to fine filtration with a polypropylene microporous filter, to obtain a fine filtrate; and introducing the fine filtrate into a bipolar membrane electrodialysis device, and performing the bipolar membrane electrodialysis, to generate an acid and an alkali under the action of an external electric field.

Various aspects described herein relate to electrochemical devices, e.g., for separation of one or more target organic or inorganic molecules (e.g., charged or neutral molecules) from solution, and methods of using the same. In particular embodiments, the electrochemical devices and methods described herein involve at least one redox-functionalized electrode, wherein the electrode comprises an immobilized redox-species that is selective toward a target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or netural molecule). The selectivity is based on a Faradaic/redox-activated chemical interaction (e.g., directional hydrogen binding) between the oxidized state of the redox species and a moiety of the target molecule (e.g., charged molecule such as ion or netural molecule).

The disclosure relates to a staggered electrode bio-electro-Fenton groundwater circulation well system, including a groundwater circulation well, a water pumping and injecting assembly and an in-well bio-electro-Fenton assembly. The water pumping and injecting assembly is configured to realize water pumping and injection between different screening sections of the groundwater circulation well. The bio-electro-Fenton assembly arranged in a first screening section of the groundwater circulation well includes at least one electrode device. A cathode and an anode of the electrode device form a spatially staggered arrangement according to different distribution areas. According to the disclosure, the spatially staggered arrangement of the cathode and the anode, the influence of oxygen on an anaerobic environment of an anode chamber in the electrode device is greatly reduced while ensuring the cathode takes oxygen as an electron acceptor, and the constructed bio-electro-Fenton system can accelerate the decomposition of organic pollutants in the groundwater circulation well.