A water purification electrode composed of a porous carbon material is disclosed. The electrode may be used as a flow-through cathode in an electro-peroxone process providing high H.sub.2O.sub.2 production activity for electrochemical wastewater treatment. The porous carbon material is a binding agent-free carbon structure that enables H.sub.2O.sub.2 to be electro-generated in situ at cathode. The porous carbon material may be synthesized from resorcinol and can provide a relatively large reaction surface area of 200-800 m.sup.2/g. The porous carbon material also achieves low energy consumption as well as a wide pH working range, making it suitable for treating many types of organic, inorganic, and biological contaminants in water. The electrode may be integrated with an anode, ozone generator, and other components into a compact, integrated water purification system.

Methods for causing interaction between two sets of particles are disclosed herein. The two sets of particles are co-located in a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave, or are co-located by acoustic streaming. This is more effective than conventional methods, for example by increasing the homogeneity of the fluid mixture containing the particles, while using reduced amounts of one particle set.

A water treatment apparatus including: discharge treatment units each including a ground electrode and a discharge electrode opposing the ground electrode, and water to be treated is treated by forming a discharge between the ground electrode and the discharge electrode, and generating ozone by the discharge, and moreover causing the water to be treated to contact the discharge; a water reservoir portion that collects, in the interior of the treatment tank, the water to be treated having been subject to water treatment by one of the discharge treatment units; and an ozone supply section that supplies the ozone in the treatment tank to the water to be treated in the water reservoir portion are provided, and wherein the water to be treated passes through the plurality of discharge treatment units as a continuous flow.

A system water purification system comprises first and second mixing reactors, first and second flotation reactors and first and second filters all serially and fluidly connected in a flow direction of the water as well as an electrolyzer. Electrochemical synthesis of the reagents takes place in the cathode and anode chambers of the electrolyzer, respectively. Moreover, the electrochemically synthesized catholyte and anolyte are dosed into the water kept in the first and second mixing reactors, respectively. Then the mixtures in the first and second mixing reactors are mixed. After that, the flow of the treated water leaving the mixing reactors is passed through the first and second flotation reactors and afterwards through the first and second filters downstream of the first and second mixing reactors.

A fungal culture is provided that incorporates concentrations of Fenton reactants and white rot fungi biomass. These components synergize to degrade recalcitrant organic compounds such as lignins, perfluorochemicals including PFOA, plastics, and related compounds, particularly with 1.5 mM H.sub.2O.sub.2, 1 mM Fe.sup.2+, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium exhibiting lignin degrading capabilities comparable to cultures of Fenton-only reaction mediums with significantly higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Both the fungi and the Fenton reactants work to degrade the organic compounds. Additionally, the Fenton reactants impose oxidative stress on fast-growing microbial competitors such as E. coli, selectively inhibiting the competing bacteria and their disadvantageous effects on white rot fungi activity. The white rot fungi recycle Fe(II) ions to reduce Fenton reactant input burden. An electro-Fenton reaction process can further reduce this burden by replenishing H.sub.2O.sub.2. The resulting systems and methods demonstrate more economical and sustainable treatment of recalcitrant organic compounds.

A photoelectrochemical system may be utilized for processing of wastewater to hydrogen. For example, a method for hydrogen production from wastewater may include: providing a photocathode electrically connected by a wire to a photocatalyst, where both the photocathode and the photocatalyst are at least partially immersed in an electrolyte solution that comprises an aqueous fluid having wastewater at least partially dissolved therein; illuminating the photocathode with first light thereby causing the photocathode to generate a first plurality of electron-electron hole pairs, wherein the photocathode comprises a silicon-based heterojunction; illuminating a photocatalyst with second light thereby causing the photocathode to generate a second plurality of electron-electron hole pairs, wherein the photocatalyst comprises a semiconductor; and photochemically converting the wastewater to hydrogen gas and oxygen.

An automatic or semi-automatic Clean-In-Place system and method of using same. An automatic or semi-automatic Clean-In-Place system (1;1a;1b) serves for cleaning at least one dispensing line (6a,6b,6c,6d,6e,6f;6a,6b,6c;6a,6b,6c) between a take-off station (2) and a dispensing station (3) with dispensers (5a,5b,5c,5d,5e,5f) at the end of dispensing lines (6a,6b,6c,6d,6e,6f;6a,6b,6c;6a,6b,6c) and is operated by an electronic control system (17). A source of ozonated water (10) provides ozonated water through ozonated water conduit (12) via an ozonated water valve (OWV), and cleaning water (CW) is provide through water conduit (15) via a water valve (WV). A main conduit (14) in turns receives water from the water conduit (15) and ozonated water from the ozonated water conduit (12). The main conduit (14) extends into serially arranged flow distribution units (13;13.2;13.2;13,13.1,13.2;13,13.1,13.2), each comprising serially arranged branch conduits (C1,C2;C1.1,C2.1;C1.2;C2.2) on the main conduit (14). A second coupler (16a,16b;16c,16d;16e,16f) is adapted to couple in fluid communication with a first coupler (8a,8b;8c,8d;8e,8f;9a,9b;8a,8a,8b,8b,8c,8c) at the end of a dispensing line (6a,6b,6c,6d,6e,6f;6a,6b,6c; 6a,6b,6c).

A system and method for treating flowing water systems with a plasma discharge to remove or control growth of microbiological species. Components of the water system are protected from being damaged by excess energy from the electrohydraulic treatment. Ozone gas generated by a high voltage generator that powers the plasma discharge is recycled to further treat the water. A gas infusion system may be used to create fine bubbles of ozone, air, or other gases in the water being treated to aid in plasma generation, particularly when the conductivity of the water is high. An electrode mounting assembly maintains a high voltage electrode and ground electrode at a fixed distance from each other to optimize plasma generation. An open support structure for the high voltage generator circuit physically separates spark gap electrodes and resists metal deposits that may disrupt discharge of a high voltage pulse to create the plasma.

Corrosion Resistant Ozone Generators, including ozone generating chips, for various purposes including spas, pools and jetted tubs as well as methods for making and using such Corrosion Resistant Ozone Generators.

Provided is a method for preventing or treating influenza by administering a therapeutically effective amount of an oxidative reduction potential (ORP) water solution that is stable for at least about twenty-four hours. The ORP water solution administered in accordance with the invention can be combined with one or more suitable carriers. The ORP water solution can be administered alone or, e.g., in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents.