Embodiments of the present invention describe a method for continuous manufacture of a gel material comprising the steps of: forming a gel sheet by dispensing a gel precursor mixture onto a moving element; allowing gelation to occur to the gel precursor mixture; and cooling the formed gel with a cooling system, thereby reducing the rate of solvent evaporation therefrom.

The present disclosure relates to a W.sub.18O.sub.49/COO/CoWO.sub.4/NF self-supporting electrocatalytic material and a preparation method thereof, the W.sub.18O.sub.49/CoO/CoWO.sub.4/NF self-supporting electrocatalytic material comprising: a foamed nickel substrate and a W.sub.18O.sub.49/CoO/CoWO.sub.4 composite material formed in-situ on a foamed nickel substrate. Preferably, the W.sub.18O.sub.49/CoO/CoWO.sub.4 composite material is CoO/CoWO.sub.4 composite nanosheets and W.sub.18O.sub.49 nanowires distributed among the CoO/CoWO.sub.4 composite nanosheets.

A method of forming a carbonized composition includes providing an organic composition, forming a protective layer over the organic composition, increasing temperature to carbonize the organic composition and for a period of time to form the carbonized composition, and removing the protective layer from the carbonized composition.

In some examples, an article may include a substrate and a coating on the substrate. The substrate may include a superalloy, a ceramic, or a ceramic matrix composite. The coating may include a layer comprising a matrix material and a plurality of nanoparticles. The matrix material may include at least one of silica, zirconia, alumina, titania, or chromia, and the plurality of nanoparticles may include nanoparticles including at least one of yttria, zirconia, alumina, or chromia. In some examples, an average diameter of the nanoparticles is less than about 400 nm.

An inorganic coating solution composition including an alkali metal silicate, a curing agent, a dispersant, a defoamer, and a solvent, wherein the curing agent is phosphoric acid (H.sub.2PO.sub.4), the dispersant is at least one selected from among Tween 20, Tween 40, Tween 60, Tween 80, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol 400 and polyvinyl alcohol, and the defoamer is at least one selected from among a silicone-based defoamer, an alcohol-based defoamer, a mineral oil-based defoamer and a powder defoamer.

Coating compositions are provided that eject droplets of condensed fluid from a surface. The coatings include a nanostructured coating layer and in some embodiments, also include a hydrophobic layer deposited thereon. The coating materials eject droplets from the surface in the presence of non-condensing gases such as air and may be deployed under conditions of supersaturation of the condensed fluid to be ejected. A heat exchanger design utilizing the coating is described herein.

Nanostructured coating materials, methods of their production, and methods of use in a variety of applications are described. The nanostructured materials described herein include one or more 2.sup.+ and/or 3.sup.+ metal ion(s), optionally in a ternary phase, on a substrate.

The present invention relates to a process for preparing an anti-reflective sol-gel coating composition comprising: a) mixing a hydrolysable silicon alkoxide, (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alcohols, an aqueous solution of one acid catalyst; and one or more surfactants of formula (II) wherein: R.sup.9 is (C.sub.1-C.sub.30)alkyl, and m is an integer selected from 2 to 40; the concentration of the surfactant of formula (II) is from 150 to 300 g/L; the molar ratio hydrolysable silicon alkoxide and aqueous solution of acid catalyst is from 0.15 to 1; the molar ratio hydrolysable silicon alkoxide and (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alcohol is from 0.15 to 0.30, and molar ratio hydrolysable silicon alkoxide and the surfactant of formula (II) is from 7 to 11.5; b) preparing a second mixture by mixing (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alcohols, and an aqueous solution of one acid catalyst; c) adding the second mixture to the mixture of step a); and adding (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alcohols until the molar ratio hydrolysable silicon alkoxide and (C.sub.1-C.sub.8)alcohol is from 0.025 to 0.100 and the composition thus obtained. It also relates to a process for coating a substrate; and the anti-reflective coating on a substrate or the anti-reflective stack on a substrate thus obtained. HO(CH.sub.2CH.sub.20)mR.sup.9 (II)

Disclosed is an antibacterial product including at least one antibacterial part, wherein the antibacterial part includes a surface layer containing silver sintered under a nitrogen atmosphere or silver oxide sintered under an oxygen atmosphere. The antibacterial product prevents the proliferation of bacteria arising due to use thereof, kills bacteria, sterilizes and purifies contaminated water, and exhibits an antibacterial effect against harmful bacteria within at most 6 hr, and preferably an early antibacterial effect within 3 hr, especially 2 hr.

Techniques for controlling a solid precursor vapor source are provided. An example method disclosure includes providing a carrier gas to a precursor material in a sublimation vessel, such that the sublimation vessel includes an inlet area and an outlet area configured to enable the carrier gas to flow through the precursor material, and at least one thermal device configured to add or remove heat from the sublimation vessel, determining a sublimation temperature value and a delta temperature value based on the precursor material and the carrier gas, setting a first temperature in the sublimation vessel based on the sublimation temperature value and the delta temperature value, such that the first temperature is measured proximate to the inlet area, and setting a second temperature in the sublimation vessel based on the sublimation temperature value, such that the second temperature is measured proximate to the outlet area.