A magnetic field generation device (100) includes a first magnet (1), a second magnet (2), and a position adjustment mechanism (5). The second magnet (2), together with the first magnet (1), generates a magnetic field. The position adjustment mechanism (5) adjusts a position of the first magnet (1). The magnetic field generation device (100) controls the value of the product of a magnetic flux density and a magnetic flux density gradient in the magnetic field through the adjustment of the position of the first magnet (1) by the position adjustment mechanism (5).

A non-contact conductivity and magnetic susceptibility meter using a magnetic parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system is provided. In one aspect, a measurement system includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets; and a diamagnetic object levitating above the dipole line magnets, wherein the diamagnetic object is configured to contain a material under test for conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurement using the measurement system. A method for analyzing a material under test using the present PDL trap-based non-contact measurement system is also provided.

A non-contact conductivity and magnetic susceptibility meter using a magnetic parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system is provided. In one aspect, a measurement system includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets; and a diamagnetic object levitating above the dipole line magnets, wherein the diamagnetic object is configured to contain a material under test for conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurement using the measurement system. A method for analyzing a material under test using the present PDL trap-based non-contact measurement system is also provided.

An intermetallic or iron aluminide magnetically readable medium and a method of forming and reading the same are provided herein. Also provided is an identification card or tag, a key, an anti-counterfeiting measure, an anti-forging measure. The intermetallic or iron aluminide magnetically readable medium includes a magnetically readable surface, wherein the magnetically readable surface contains one or more first magnetically readable regions of the intermetallic or iron aluminide surrounded by one or more second magnetically readable regions. Additionally, the intermetallic or iron aluminide magnetically readable medium can be coated, encapsulated or concealed within a material.

An intermetallic or iron aluminide magnetically readable medium and a method of forming and reading the same are provided herein. Also provided is an identification card or tag, a key, an anti-counterfeiting measure, an anti-forging measure. The intermetallic or iron aluminide magnetically readable medium includes a magnetically readable surface, wherein the magnetically readable surface contains one or more first magnetically readable regions of the intermetallic or iron aluminide surrounded by one or more second magnetically readable regions. Additionally, the intermetallic or iron aluminide magnetically readable medium can be coated, encapsulated or concealed within a material.

A non-contact conductivity and magnetic susceptibility meter using a magnetic parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system is provided. In one aspect, a measurement system includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets; and a diamagnetic object levitating above the dipole line magnets, wherein the diamagnetic object is configured to contain a material under test for conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurement using the measurement system. A method for analyzing a material under test using the present PDL trap-based non-contact measurement system is also provided.

A non-contact conductivity and magnetic susceptibility meter using a magnetic parallel dipole line (PDL) trap system is provided. In one aspect, a measurement system includes: a PDL trap having a pair of dipole line magnets; and a diamagnetic object levitating above the dipole line magnets, wherein the diamagnetic object is configured to contain a material under test for conductivity and magnetic susceptibility measurement using the measurement system. A method for analyzing a material under test using the present PDL trap-based non-contact measurement system is also provided.

A method to predict the catalytic activity of a metal oxide of formula M.sub.xO.sub.y where x is a number from 1 to 3 and y is a number from 1 to 8 is provided. The metal of the metal oxide has redox coupled oxidation states wherein the redox transformation is between oxidation states selected from the group consisting of a diamagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.d+) and a paramagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.p+), a paramagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.p+) and a ferromagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.f+), and a paramagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.p+) and an antiferromagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.a+)where d, p, f and a are independently numbers from 1 to 6 and one of the oxidation states (M.sup.d+), (M.sup.p+), (M.sup.f+), and (M.sup.a+) is formed by reduction by the O.sup.2. The magnetic susceptibility of the metal oxide as a sample in an oxygen environment at a specified temperature is correlated with a value of (M.sup.d+ or M.sup.p+ or M.sup.f+ or M.sup.a+)/g (O.sub.2 rich). Then the magnetic susceptibility of the metal oxide as a sample in an oxygen free environment at the specified temperature is measured and correlated with a value of number of (M.sup.d+ or M.sup.p+ or M.sup.f+ or M.sup.a+)/g (O.sub.2 deficient). The catalytic activity is predicted based on the difference of these two numbers.

A method to predict the catalytic activity of a metal oxide of formula M.sub.xO.sub.y where x is a number from 1 to 3 and y is a number from 1 to 8 is provided. The metal of the metal oxide has redox coupled oxidation states wherein the redox transformation is between oxidation states selected from the group consisting of a diamagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.d+) and a paramagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.p+), a paramagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.p+) and a ferromagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.f+), and a paramagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.p+) and an antiferromagnetic oxidation state (M.sup.a+)where d, p, f and a are independently numbers from 1 to 6 and one of the oxidation states (M.sup.d+), (M.sup.p+), (M.sup.f+), and (M.sup.a+) is formed by reduction by the O.sup.2. The magnetic susceptibility of the metal oxide as a sample in an oxygen environment at a specified temperature is correlated with a value of (M.sup.d+ or M.sup.p+ or M.sup.f+ or M.sup.a+)/g (O.sub.2 rich). Then the magnetic susceptibility of the metal oxide as a sample in an oxygen free environment at the specified temperature is measured and correlated with a value of number of (M.sup.d+ or M.sup.p+ or M.sup.f+ or M.sup.a+)/g (O.sub.2 deficient). The catalytic activity is predicted based on the difference of these two numbers.

A sensor arrangement for determining a process variable of a medium in a containment comprises a sensor apparatus, a magnetic field apparatus, and a detection apparatus. The magnetic field apparat produces a magnetic field that penetrates the sensor apparatus, the detection apparatus and partially the medium. The sensor apparatus is embodied such that a magnetic property of a component of the sensor apparatus depends on the process variable, and the magnetic field of the magnetic field apparatus is influenceable by the sensor apparatus as a function of process variable. The detection apparatus is embodied to register a variable related with the magnetic field, especially the magnetic flux density, the magnetic susceptibility or the magnetic permeability, and, based on that variable, to determine the process variable. The sensor apparatus is arranged within an internal volume of the containment and the detection apparatus is arranged outside of the containment.