In embodiments, devices, methods and systems to analyze the different mediums of brain function in a mathematically uniform manner may be provided. These devices, methods and systems may manifest at several levels and ways relating to brain physiology, including neuronal activity, molecular chirality and frequency oscillations. For example, in an embodiment, a computer-implemented method for determining structure of living neural tissue may comprise receiving at least one signal from at least one read modality, the signal representing at least one physical condition of the living neural tissue, determining action potentials based on the signals received from the read modalities, determining frequency oscillations based on the signals received from the read modalities and the action potentials, and determining neuron network structures based on the signals received from the read modalities, the action potentials, and the frequency oscillations.

An intervertebral spacer assembly having a plurality of articulated intervertebral spacers coupled in series, each intervertebral spacer releasably and connectable to an adjacent intervertebral spacer, each intervertebral spacer having a cannula extending from a first exterior surface of a tail portion through a nose portion to reach a second exterior surface of the nose portion.

Surgical access port stabilization systems and methods are described herein. Such systems and methods can be employed to provide ipsilateral stabilization of a surgical access port, e.g., during spinal surgeries. In one embodiment, a surgical system can include an access port configured for percutaneous insertion into a patient to define a channel to a surgical site and an anchor configured for insertion into the patient's bone. Further, the access port can be coupled to the anchor such that a longitudinal axis of the access port and a longitudinal axis of the anchor are non-coaxial. With such a system, a surgeon or other user can access a surgical site through the access port without the need for external or other stabilization of the access port, but can instead position the access port relative to an anchor already placed in the patient's body.

A method of surgically positioning an electrode array at a desired implantation location relative to a nerve. A temporary probe electrode is temporarily positioned adjacent to the nerve and at a location which is caudorostrally separate to the desired implantation location of the electrode array. The implanted position of the probe electrode is temporarily fixed relative to the nerve. During implantation of the electrode array, electrical stimuli are applied from one of the temporarily fixed probe electrode and the electrode array, to evoke compound action potentials on the nerve. Compound action potentials evoked by the stimuli are sensed from at least one electrode of the other of the temporarily fixed probe electrode and the electrode array. From the sensed compound action potentials a position of the electrode array relative to the nerve is determined.

A spine measurement system comprises an optical measurement probe, one or more targets, a fluoroscope, and a remote station. A-P and lateral images of the spine are taken using the fluoroscope and provided to the remote station. The remote station includes computer vision that can identify endplates and pedicle screws in the spine. The computer vision in the remote station is further used to identify vertebra and bone landmarks of the spine. The remote station can generate quantitative measurement data such as Cobb angles and axial rotation of the spine from the fluoroscope images that correspond to the spine deformity. The optical measurement probe can send images of the spine with pedicle screw extenders extending from the pedicle screws to the remote station. The remotes station using computer vision can provide spine metrics in real-time by tracking position of the pedicle screw extenders.

Methods and systems for programming stimulation parameters for an implantable medical device for neuromodulation, such as spinal cord stimulation (SCS) are disclosed. The stimulation parameters define user-configured waveforms having at least a first phase having a first polarity and a second phase having a second polarity, wherein the first and second phases are separated by an interphase interval (IPI). By delivering user-configured waveforms with different IPIs, stimulation geometry, and other waveform settings, therapeutic asynchronous activation of dorsal column fibers can be obtained.

The present invention teaches novel methods of diagnosing and prognosing conditions associated with tissue degeneration and/or pain, including intervertebral disc degeneration, discogenic pain, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and articular cartilage injury. Using the inventive noninvasive imaging methods, the diagnosis and prognosis of back pain and related conditions can be quickly and accurately determined by detecting one or more biomarkers disclosed herein.

In embodiments, devices, methods and systems to analyze the different mediums of brain function in a mathematically uniform manner may be provided. These devices, methods and systems may manifest at several levels and ways relating to brain physiology, including neuronal activity, molecular chirality and frequency oscillations. For example, in an embodiment, a computer-implemented method for determining structure of living neural tissue may comprise receiving at least one signal from at least one read modality, the signal representing at least one physical condition of the living neural tissue, determining action potentials based on the signals received from the read modalities, determining frequency oscillations based on the signals received from the read modalities and the action potentials, and determining neuron network structures based on the signals received from the read modalities, the action potentials, and the frequency oscillations.

Systems and methods for measuring macromolecular proton fraction in a subject are provided. A nuclear magnetic resonance apparatus applies a magnetic field to a body region on the subject, and radiofrequency modes are applied to the body region as well. Each radiofrequency mode delivers a plurality of radiofrequency pulses separated by time delays, wherein at least one of the radiofrequency modes causes suppression of signal components from an unwanted tissue, and at least one of the radiofrequency modes causes magnetization exchange between water and macromolecules in tissues in the body region. Amplitudes corresponding to magnetic signals received from the body region are measured and macromolecular proton fraction based on the amplitudes can be calculated.

Embodiments of the present systems and methods may relate to a non-invasive system with diagnostic and treatment capacities that use a unified code that is intrinsic to physiological brain function. For example, in an embodiment, a computer-implemented method for affecting living neural tissue may comprise receiving at least one signal from at least one read modality, the signal representing release of photons from mitochondria of the living neural tissue, computing at least one signal to effect alterations to the living neural tissue based on the received input signal, the computed signal adapted to cause transmission of photons to the living neural tissue, and delivering the photons to the living neural tissue to effect alterations to the living tissue.