A Ton/2 generator retrofits a digital tracking algorithm to an analog Constant-On-Time (COT) Controller to enable fast sensing. The Ton/2 generation is cognizant of the delay between high-side switch (HSFET) on generation and the actual turn-on time of the HSFET so that there is no deviation of sampling point, and current is reported with high accuracy. The digital tracking algorithm automatically takes higher steps during load transients to enable faster tracking and scales the measured current (Ipeak/2) based on a discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) period for DCM current reporting.

A power amplifier includes a digital-to-analog converter, a loop filter, a driver circuit, a first adjustable reference resistor and a second adjustable reference resistor. A circuit includes an overcurrent protection circuit and a power amplifier, wherein the overcurrent protection circuit is communicatively coupled to the power amplifier. The digital-to-analog converter is configured to receive a digital signal and to output an analog signal, the driver circuit communicatively coupled to the loop filter and at least one of a first output port and a second output port of the power amplifier.

A power amplifier includes a digital-to-analog converter, a loop filter, a driver circuit, a first adjustable reference resistor and a second adjustable reference resistor. A circuit includes an overcurrent protection circuit and a power amplifier, wherein the overcurrent protection circuit is communicatively coupled to the power amplifier. The digital-to-analog converter is configured to receive a digital signal and to output an analog signal, the driver circuit communicatively coupled to the loop filter and at least one of a first output port and a second output port of the power amplifier.

A controlled switch having N inputs and a single output (N≥2) is switchable between N states. In each state a respective one of the inputs is connected to the single output. There are N sources of sub-streams of analog samples, each sub-stream composed of pairs of adjacent analog samples. Each source is coupled to a respective one of the inputs. In operation, the controlled switch is controlled by a control signal to switch between the N states. While the controlled switch is in any one of the states, a data transition occurs between two adjacent analog samples in the sub-stream whose source is coupled to the input that is connected to the single output. The single output yields a high-bandwidth analog signal. Any pair of adjacent analog samples in any one of the sub-streams substantially determines a corresponding pair of adjacent analog samples in the high-bandwidth analog signal.

A digital-to-analog converter is provided. The digital-to-analog converter includes a first plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells configured to generate a first analog signal. Further, digital-to-analog converter includes a second plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells configured to generate a second analog signal. The first analog signal and the second analog signal form a differential signal pair. Further, the digital-to-analog converter includes a transmission line transformer comprising a first input node coupled to the first plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells, a second input node coupled to the second plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells, and a first output node. The transmission line transformer is configured to present a first impedance at the first and second input nodes and to present a second impedance at the first output node.

A digital-to-analog converter is provided. The digital-to-analog converter includes a first plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells configured to generate a first analog signal. Further, digital-to-analog converter includes a second plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells configured to generate a second analog signal. The first analog signal and the second analog signal form a differential signal pair. Further, the digital-to-analog converter includes a transmission line transformer comprising a first input node coupled to the first plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells, a second input node coupled to the second plurality of digital-to-analog converter cells, and a first output node. The transmission line transformer is configured to present a first impedance at the first and second input nodes and to present a second impedance at the first output node.

An interdigital capacitor and a multiplying digital-to-analog conversion circuit, where the interdigital capacitor includes at least one first metal layer. The following components are disposed in each first metal layer: a first electrode; at least one first finger metal connected to the first electrode; a second electrode; and a plurality of second finger metals connected to the second electrode, and at least one third finger metal connected to the second electrode. The at least one first finger metal is alternately disposed with the plurality of second finger metals to form capacitors, and the at least one third finger metal is a dummy finger metal.

An interdigital capacitor and a multiplying digital-to-analog conversion circuit, where the interdigital capacitor includes at least one first metal layer. The following components are disposed in each first metal layer: a first electrode; at least one first finger metal connected to the first electrode; a second electrode; and a plurality of second finger metals connected to the second electrode, and at least one third finger metal connected to the second electrode. The at least one first finger metal is alternately disposed with the plurality of second finger metals to form capacitors, and the at least one third finger metal is a dummy finger metal.

Novel and useful quantum structures having a continuous well with control gates that control a local depletion region to form quantum dots. Local depleted well tunneling is used to control quantum operations to implement quantum computing circuits. Qubits are realized by modulating gate potential to control tunneling through local depleted region between two or more sections of the well. Complex structures with a higher number of qdots per continuous well and a larger number of wells are fabricated. Both planar and 3D FinFET semiconductor processes are used to build well to gate and well to well tunneling quantum structures. Combining a number of elementary quantum structure, a quantum computing machine is realized. An interface device provides an interface between classic circuitry and quantum circuitry by permitting tunneling of a single quantum particle from the classic side to the quantum side of the device. Detection interface devices detect the presence or absence of a particle destructively or nondestructively.

Novel and useful quantum structures having a continuous well with control gates that control a local depletion region to form quantum dots. Local depleted well tunneling is used to control quantum operations to implement quantum computing circuits. Qubits are realized by modulating gate potential to control tunneling through local depleted region between two or more sections of the well. Complex structures with a higher number of qdots per continuous well and a larger number of wells are fabricated. Both planar and 3D FinFET semiconductor processes are used to build well to gate and well to well tunneling quantum structures. Combining a number of elementary quantum structure, a quantum computing machine is realized. An interface device provides an interface between classic circuitry and quantum circuitry by permitting tunneling of a single quantum particle from the classic side to the quantum side of the device. Detection interface devices detect the presence or absence of a particle destructively or nondestructively.