Solder alloys and arrangements

Abstract

A solder alloy is providing, the solder alloy including zinc, aluminum, magnesium and gallium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 8% to 20% of the alloy, the magnesium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy and the gallium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy, the rest of the alloy including zinc.

Claims

1. An arrangement comprising, a chip having a chip back side; a substrate comprising a surface; a zinc-based solder alloy configured to attach the chip back side to the surface of the substrate, wherein the zinc-based solder alloy consists essentially of: zinc, aluminum and germanium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, the germanium constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, and zinc; wherein the surface of the substrate comprises a metal layer disposed between the substrate and the zinc-based solder alloy that provides a good wettability of the zinc-based solder alloy on the surface of the substrate, the zinc-based solder alloy being disposed between the metal layer and the chip back side.

2. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the zinc-based solder alloy is represented by a chemical formula selected from a group consisting of: ZnAl.sub.5Ge.sub.3; ZnAl.sub.12Ge.sub.3; ZnAl.sub.6Ge.sub.3; and ZnAl.sub.6Ge.sub.5.

3. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is a lead frame.

4. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the substrate is formed by a material selected from a group of materials consisting of: copper; nickel; silver; and a ceramic.

5. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the metal layer comprises at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus at least one of in elemental form; in nitride form; and in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination.

6. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the metal layer comprises a thickness in the range from about 100 nm to about 3 μm.

7. The arrangement according to claim 1, wherein the chip back side comprises a chip back side metallization.

8. The arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the chip back side metallization comprises at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, and silver.

9. The arrangement according to claim 7, wherein the chip back side metallization comprises a multilayer system.

10. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the multilayer system comprises a contact layer to contact to a semiconductor material of the chip back side.

11. The arrangement according to claim 10, wherein the contact layer comprises an aluminum contact layer.

12. The arrangement according to claim 10, wherein the contact layer has a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

13. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the multilayer system comprises a barrier layer.

14. The arrangement according to claim 13, wherein the barrier layer comprises one of a titanium barrier layer or a titanium-tungsten barrier layer.

15. The arrangement according to claim 13, wherein the barrier layer has a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

16. The arrangement according to claim 9, wherein the multilayer system comprises a solder reaction layer.

17. The arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the solder reaction layer comprises at least one of a group of the following elements and/or alloys thereof: nickel, nickel-vanadium, silver, aluminum, gold, platinum, and palladium.

18. The arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the solder reaction layer comprises a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

19. The arrangement according to claim 16, wherein the multilayer system further comprises an oxidation protection layer to prevent oxidation of the solder reaction layer.

20. The arrangement according to claim 19, wherein the oxidation protection layer comprises a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

21. An arrangement comprising, a chip having a chip back side; a substrate comprising a surface; a zinc-based solder alloy configured to attach the chip back side to the surface of the substrate, wherein the zinc-based solder alloy consists essentially of: aluminum constituting by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, germanium constituting by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, at least one of: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, or tantalum, constituting by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy, and the balance of the alloy zinc; wherein the surface of the substrate comprises a metal layer disposed between the substrate and the zinc-based solder alloy that provides a good wettability of the zinc-based solder alloy on the surface of the substrate, the zinc-based solder alloy being disposed between the metal layer and the chip back side.

22. The arrangement according to claim 21, wherein the substrate is formed by a material selected from a group of materials consisting of: copper; nickel; silver; lead; and a ceramic.

23. The arrangement according to claim 21, wherein the metal layer comprises at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus at least one of in elemental form; in nitride form; and in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination.

24. The arrangement according to claim 21, wherein the chip back side comprises a chip back side metallization.

25. The arrangement according to claim 24, wherein the chip back side metallization comprises a multilayer system.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the drawings, like reference characters generally refer to the same parts throughout the different views. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles of the invention. In the following description, various embodiments of the invention are described with reference to the following drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 shows a graph representing thermal conductivity (W/mK) vs. electrical conductivity (10.sup.6 S/m) of solder alloys;

(3) FIG. 2 shows a phase diagram 200 of an Al—Zn alloy;

(4) FIG. 3 shows a phase diagram 300 of a Ga—Zn alloy;

(5) FIG. 4 shows a phase diagram 400 of a Sn—Zn alloy;

(6) FIG. 5 shows a phase diagram 500 of a Ag—Zn alloy;

(7) FIG. 6 shows a phase diagram 600 of a Cu—Zn alloy;

(8) FIG. 7 shows a phase diagram 700 of a Ni—Zn alloy;

(9) FIG. 8 shows a method for attaching a chip to a carrier according to various embodiments;

(10) FIGS. 9A and 9B show an arrangement for attaching a chip to a carrier according to various embodiments;

(11) FIGS. 10A to 10C show an arrangement including a solder alloy applied to a carrier according to various embodiments;

(12) FIGS. 11A and 11B show an images of an arrangement including a solder alloy according to various embodiments;

(13) FIGS. 12 to 14 show differential scanning calorimetry plots of a solder alloy according to various embodiments.

(14) FIG. 15 shows a plot of experimental solder composition versus theoretical liquid phase projection for a solder alloy comprising zinc, aluminum and magnesium.

(15) FIG. 16 shows a plot of experimental solder composition versus theoretical liquid phase projection for a solder alloy comprising zinc, aluminum and germanium.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(16) The following detailed description refers to the accompanying drawings that show, by way of illustration, specific details and embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration”. Any embodiment or design described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments or designs.

(17) Various embodiments provide a lead-free (Pb-free) multilayer solder connection system for electronic components, including at least one side of a chip, a solder connection, e.g. a solder alloy, a carrier, e.g. a lead frame, and a plating, e.g. a lead frame plating, formed over the carrier.

(18) In comparison to lead-based solders, zinc-based solder systems have better physical characteristics, e.g. better thermal/heat and electrical conductivity. This can be seen from FIG. 1 wherein a plot 100 illustrating thermal conductivity (W/mK) versus electrical conductivity (10.sup.6 S/m) is shown. Pure zinc, and a zinc alloy including aluminum and germanium are shown from measurements and from calculations to have higher thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity compared to lead-based and tin-based solders.

(19) FIG. 2 shows a phase diagram 200 of an Al—Zn binary alloy. With an atomic composition of 87.5% zinc and 12.5% aluminum, the Al—Zn binary alloy may achieve a melting point of approximately 650° C.

(20) FIG. 3 shows a phase diagram 300 of a Ga—Zn binary alloy. With an atomic composition of 2.5% zinc and 87.5% gallium, the Ga—Zn binary alloy may achieve a melting point of approximately 300° C.

(21) FIG. 4 shows a phase diagram 400 of a Sn—Zn binary alloy. At approximately 475° C., formed with an atomic composition of 13% zinc and 87% tin, the Sn—Zn binary alloy may achieve a melting point of approximately 475° C.

(22) FIG. 5 shows a phase diagram 500 of a Ag—Zn binary alloy. With an atomic composition of 98% zinc and 2% silver, the Ag—Zn binary alloy may achieve a melting point of approximately 700° C.

(23) FIG. 6 shows a phase diagram 600 of a Cu—Zn binary alloy. With an atomic composition of approximately 2% copper and 98% zinc, the Cu—Zn binary alloy may achieve a melting point of approximately 425° C. Table 606 shows the different phases with related alloy concentrations of the Cu—Zn binary alloy.

(24) FIG. 7 shows a phase diagram 700 of a Ni—Zn binary alloy. With an atomic composition of approximately 1% nickel and 99% zinc, the Ni—Zn binary alloy may achieve a melting point of approximately 700° C. Table 706 shows the different phases with related alloy concentrations of the Ni—Zn binary alloy.

(25) FIG. 8 shows a method for attaching and/or joining a chip 814 to a carrier. The method may include, in 800, selecting carrier, 802 e.g. a substrate or a lead frame; in 804, forming plating 806, e.g. a nickel plating, over carrier 802; in 808, depositing solder alloy 810 over carrier 802, wherein solder alloy 810 may be formed directly on plating 806. In 808, depositing solder alloy 810 may be carried out according to a conventional wire bond process by melting solder alloy 810 which may be in wire and a soft solder, over carrier 802, e.g. by forming a solder dot from solder alloy 810. Solder alloy 810 may be deposited in ribbon form or plated over carrier 802. Alternatively, solder alloy 810 may be placed over or directly on chip 814 at wafer level, i.e. before dicing of the wafer or on chip backside 820 wherein the chip back side may include chip back side metallization 816. In 812, chip 814 may be attached to carrier 802 via solder alloy 810, wherein solder alloy 810 may be a connecting or joining material between chip 814 and carrier 802. In 822, a further solder alloy 828 may be configured to attach a clip-on connection to a contact surface on a chip front side 830 by depositing solder alloy 810 over one or more contact pads 818 on the chip front side 830. One or more contact wires 824 may be attached to chip 814 and/or contact pads 818 via solder alloy 828. The deposition and placement of solder alloys 810, and further solder alloy 828 may be carried out by dispensing a paste of said alloys and/or through a plasma gun.

(26) Solder alloy 810 may be used for joining chip back side 820 to carrier 802, e.g. a lead frame, even if chip 814 is not a silicon-based chip. Chip back side 820 may include a backside metallization 816 system including a multilayer system or part or a variant of a multilayer system. The multilayer system may include individual layers having individual functions.

(27) The multilayer system may include contact layer 816a for contacting to a semiconductor material, e.g. an aluminum contact layer, wherein the aluminum forms a layer having a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

(28) The multilayer system may include barrier layer 816b, e.g. a titanium (Ti) or titanium-tungsten (TiW) barrier layer, wherein barrier layer 816b may have a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

(29) The multilayer system may include solder reaction layer 816c, the solder reaction layer 816c including at least one of a group of the following elements and/or alloys thereof: nickel, nickel-vanadium, silver, aluminum, gold, platinum, palladium, nickel, wherein the solder reaction layer 816c may have a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm. Solder reaction layer 816c may be a “partner” layer with solder alloy 810 as the thickness of solder reaction layer 816c may be selected so that during the solder process it does not dissolve completely in solder alloy 810.

(30) The multilayer system may include oxidation protection layer 816d to prevent oxidation of the solder reaction layer 816c as solder reaction layers 816c including silver, gold, platinum, palladium or alloys thereof, may be prone to oxidation. Oxidation protection layer 816d may have a thickness ranging from 50 nm to 1000 nm.

(31) Substrate 802 may be formed from one of the following group of materials: copper, nickel, silver or a ceramic. Plating 806 may be formed over substrate 802, e.g. substrate 802 may be a lead frame wherein lead frame plating may be formed over the lead frame. Plating 806 may include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus in elemental form and/or in nitride form and/or in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination. Plating 806 may be configured to be in connection with solder alloy 810.

(32) According to various embodiments, substrate 802 may include plating 806 including copper in combination with nickel and/or nickel phosphorus, wherein plating 806 may be a lead frame plating configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. According to various embodiments, plating 806 thickness may lie in the range from about 100 nm to about 3 μm.

(33) According to various embodiments, chip 814 may include chip back side 820 including at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, silver, wherein chip back side 820 may be configured to be in connection with solder alloy 810.

(34) Solder alloy 810A according to various embodiments may include zinc, aluminum, magnesium and gallium, wherein aluminum constitutes by weight 8% to 20% of alloy 810A, magnesium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of alloy 810A and gallium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of alloy 810A, the rest of alloy 810A including zinc. Solder alloy 810A may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4.5Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. Solder alloy 810A may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. According to various embodiments, solder alloy 810A may be a solder wire. Aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 12% of alloy 810A. Magnesium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810A. Gallium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810A.

(35) Solder alloy 810B according to various embodiments may include zinc, aluminum, tin and magnesium, wherein aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 30% of alloy 810B, magnesium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of alloy 810B and tin constitutes by weight 0.5% to 6.5% of alloy 810B, the rest of alloy 810B including zinc. Aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of alloy 810B. Magnesium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810B. Tin may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810B. Solder alloy 810B may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4Sn.sub.2Mg.sub.1.

(36) Solder alloy 810C according to various embodiments may include zinc, aluminum, germanium and gallium, wherein aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 30% of alloy 810C, germanium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of alloy 810C and gallium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of alloy 810C, the rest of alloy 810C including zinc. Aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of alloy 810C. Germanium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810C. Gallium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810C.

(37) Solder alloy 810D according to various embodiments may include zinc, aluminum and germanium, wherein aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of alloy 810D, germanium constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of alloy 810D, the rest of alloy 810D including zinc. Solder alloy 810D may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.5Ge.sub.3. Solder alloy 810D may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ge.sub.3. Solder alloy 810D may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.6Ge.sub.3. Solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.6Ge.sub.5. According to various embodiments, aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of alloy 810D. According to various embodiments, germanium may constitute by weight 1% to 6% of alloy 810D.

(38) Solder alloy 810E according to various embodiments, may include zinc, aluminum and magnesium, wherein aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of alloy 810E, magnesium constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of alloy 810E, the rest of alloy 810E including zinc. Aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of alloy 810E. Magnesium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of alloy 810E.

(39) Solder alloy 810F according to various embodiments may include zinc and tin, wherein zinc constitutes by weight 10% to 91% of alloy 810F. Solder alloy 810F may be represented by the chemical formula Zn.sub.40Sn.sub.60. Zinc may constitute by weight 10% to 15% of alloy 810F.

(40) Solder alloy 810G according to various embodiments may include zinc and silver, wherein zinc constitutes by weight 26% to 98% of alloy 810G. Zinc may constitute by weight 83% to 99% of alloy 810G.

(41) Solder alloy 810H according to various embodiments may include zinc and copper, wherein zinc constitutes by weight 80% to 98% of alloy 810H. Zinc may constitute by weight 88% to 99% of alloy 810H.

(42) According to an embodiment, each of solder alloys 810A to 810H may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of alloys 810A to 810H.

(43) FIG. 9A shows arrangements 930, 932 and 934 according to various embodiments. Arrangement 930 shows solder alloy 810, e.g. solder alloy 810D deposited on carrier 802, e.g. a lead frame, before attaching chip 814 to carrier 802. Arrangement 932 shows an ultrasonic plot of said arrangement 930 after attaching chip 814 using a chip attachment process to said solder alloy 810, e.g. solder alloy 810D, e.g. solder alloy 810D having a chemical formula ZnAl.sub.5Ge.sub.3. Arrangement 934 shows an ultrasonic plot according to arrangement 932 wherein solder alloy 810 has a chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ge.sub.3.

(44) FIG. 9B shows arrangements 936, 938 and 940 according to various embodiments. Arrangement 936 shows an ultrasonic plot of solder alloy 810, e.g. solder alloy 810A on carrier 802, e.g. a lead frame, after attaching chip 814 using a chip attachment process to said solder alloy 810, e.g. solder alloy 810A having a chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4.5Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. Arrangement 938 shows an ultrasonic plot according to arrangement 936, wherein solder alloy 810 has a chemical ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. White coloured spots in the ultrasonic plots are indicating delamination or voids whereas black areas are directly connected homogenous solder areas.

(45) FIG. 10A shows an arrangement 1030 wherein solder alloy 810, e.g. solder alloy 810A, including zinc, aluminum, magnesium and gallium may be applied to a carrier 802, e.g. a lead frame, wherein the lead frame includes lead frame plating 806 including NiNiP. FIG. 10B shows an arrangement 1032 which shows various embodiments according to arrangement 1030 wherein lead frame plating 806 includes copper instead of NiNiP. Solder alloy 810A shows good wetting behavior on both copper surfaces and NiNiP surfaces of carrier 802, providing the best performances in terms of homogeneity of the solder alloy 810A on the surface of lead frame plating 806. FIG. 10C shows arrangements 1034 and 1036 according to various embodiments. Arrangement 1034 shows an image of the interface between carrier 802, e.g. a lead frame, and solder alloy 810A. Arrangement 1036 shows an image of the interface between carrier 802, e.g. a lead frame, solder alloy 810A, and chip 814. In each of 1034 and 1036, two chips 814 are attached to leadframe 802. The white spots insides the chip areas 814 may be attributed to delaminations or voids. The void rate obtained in solder alloy 810A on plating 806, e.g. lead frame plating including NiNiP is less compared to that of a plating 806 including a Cu lead frame plating.

(46) FIG. 11A shows a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image 1130 of a cross section of a solder alloy 810A having a chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1 deposited on carrier 802 e.g. a copper lead frame, and solder alloy 810A joined to chip back side 820. Chip back side 820 may include chip back side metallization 816 wherein back side metallization 816 may include a Al—Ti—Ag stack. Back side metallization 816 may include contact layer 816a, e.g. aluminum contact layer; barrier layer 816b, e.g. titanium barrier layer; and solder reaction layer 816c, e.g. silver solder reaction layer.

(47) FIG. 11B shows image 1132 wherein marked portions of SEM image 1130 are provided, from which Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDX) data may be extracted. Spectrum 2 1134 includes zinc, copper and aluminum. Spectrum 3 1136 includes zinc, copper, aluminum and silver. Spectrum 4 1138 includes zinc, copper, silver and trace amounts (less than 2%) of aluminum. Spectrum 5 1140 includes zinc, aluminum, copper and trace amounts (less than 2%) of silver. Spectrum 6 1142 includes zinc, aluminum and trace amounts (less than 2%) of silver. The silver diffuses from solder reaction layer 816c into solder alloy 810A. Gallium may be detected between the grain boundaries, which improves the mechanical properties of the solder, the tensile strength of 345 MPa of solder alloy 810A having a chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1 may be attained. Copper diffusion from the leadframe into all bright visible parts of the cross-section is detected.

(48) FIG. 12 shows differential scanning calorimetry plots (DSC) 1230, 1236 of solder alloy 810A. DSC plot 1230 shows Heat flow (W/g) 1232 versus Temperature (° C.) 1234 with respect to solder alloy 810A having chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4.5Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1 according to an embodiment. Solder alloy 810A shows exothermic peaks at approximately 262° C., 340° C. and 366° C. The peak representing an enthalpy of 9.0 J/g and peak temperature 261.8° C. reflects an eutectoid reaction between zinc and aluminum. Any further peaks at higher temperatures are created by ternary reactions of Zn—Al with a further alloy element of the alloy, e.g. Ga, Mg. The further peaks reflect the melting temperature range and is of importance for the setting of the process parameters. The occurrence of 2 or more peaks at specific positions are characteristic of a specific composition of the alloy with specific phases formed during the manufacturing process of the wires.

(49) DSC plot 1236 shows Heat flow (W/g) 1238 versus Temperature (° C.) 1240 with respect to solder alloy 810A having chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1 according to an embodiment. Solder alloy 810A shows exothermic peaks at approximately 273° C., 344° C. Thus, a melting point of approximately 344° C. may be attained in solder alloy 810A having chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. The peak representing an enthalpy of 24.4 J/g and peak temperature 272.6° C. reflects an eutectoid reaction between zinc and aluminum. Any further peaks at higher temperatures are created by ternary reactions of Zn—Al with a further alloy element of the alloy, e.g. Ga, Mg.

(50) FIG. 13 shows DSC plot 1330 showing Heat flow (W/g) 1332 versus Temperature (° C.) 1334 with respect to solder alloy 810B having chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4Sn.sub.2Mg.sub.1 according to various embodiments. Solder alloy 810B shows exothermic peaks at approximately 284° C., 336° C. and 365° C. The peak representing an enthalpy of 9.0 J/g and peak temperature 284.4° C. reflects an eutectoid reaction between zinc and aluminum. Any further peaks at higher temperatures are created by ternary reactions of Zn—Al with a further alloy element of the alloy, e.g. Sn, Mg.

(51) FIG. 14 shows differential scanning calorimetry plots (DSC) 1430, 1436 of solder alloy 810D. DSC plot 1430 shows Heat flow (W/g) 1432 versus Temperature (° C.) 1434 with respect to solder alloy 810D having chemical formula ZnAl.sub.5Ge.sub.3 according to various embodiments. Solder alloy 810D shows exothermic peaks at approximately 283° C. and 359° C. The peak representing an enthalpy of 8.6 J/g and peak temperature 282.8° C. reflects an eutectoid reaction between zinc and aluminum. Any further peaks at higher temperatures are created by ternary reactions of Zn—Al with a further alloy element of the alloy, e.g. Ge.

(52) DSC plot 1436 shows Heat flow (W/g) 1438 versus Temperature (° C.) 1440 with respect to solder alloy 810D having chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ge.sub.3 according to various embodiments. Solder alloy 810D shows exothermic peaks at approximately 283° C., 359 C, 368° C. and 412° C. The peak representing an enthalpy of 24.4 J/g and peak temperature 282.8° C. reflects an eutectoid reaction between zinc and aluminum. Any further peaks at higher temperatures are created by ternary reactions of Zn—Al with a further alloy element of the alloy, e.g. Ge.

(53) FIG. 15 shows a plot 1500 of experimental solder composition versus theoretical liquid phase projection for a solder alloy including zinc, aluminum and magnesium. According to various embodiment, a lowest achievable melting temperature for the solder alloy of approximately 350° C. may be attainable at an atomic zinc composition of between approximately 91% to 96%. Axis 1532 indicates the molar fraction of aluminum relative to zinc. Axis 1534 indicates the molar fraction of zinc relative to magnesium. Axis 1536 indicates the molar fraction of magnesium relative to aluminum. The quaternary solder compositions 810B (ZnAl4Sn2Mg1) and 810A (ZnAl5Mg1Ga1) could be placed slightly above the horizontal 400° C. line of the diagram in FIG. 15 since the low concentrations of tin for 810B and gallium for 810A will not change significantly the liquidus temperatures of the solders 810B and 810A.

(54) FIG. 16 shows a plot 1600 of experimental solder composition versus theoretical liquid phase projection for a solder alloy including zinc, aluminum and germanium. Axis 1632 indicates the molar fraction of aluminum relative to zinc. Axis 1634 indicates the molar fraction of zinc relative to germanium. Axis 1636 indicates the molar fraction of germanium relative to aluminum. Plot 1638 shows a magnified portion of selected portion 1640, wherein a lowest achievable melting temperature for the solder alloy of approximately 335° C. may be attainable at an atomic composition of 97 Zn %, 1.5 Al % and 1.5 Ge %. Solder alloy 810 having the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ge.sub.3 and ZnAl.sub.5Ge.sub.3 are points indicated on plot 1600 and 1638. With an atomic composition of 1.6% aluminum, 80% zinc and 3.4% germanium, a four-phase intersection may be obtained. A melting temperature of 343.42° C. may further be obtained.

(55) In various embodiments, a solder alloy is provided. The solder alloy may include zinc, aluminum, magnesium and gallium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 8% to 20% of the alloy, the magnesium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy and the gallium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy, the rest of the alloy including zinc. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4.5Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ga.sub.1Mg.sub.1. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be a solder wire. In various embodiments, the aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 12% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the magnesium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the gallium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination comprising by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy.

(56) In various embodiments, a solder alloy is provided. The solder alloy may include zinc, aluminum, tin and magnesium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 30% of the alloy, the magnesium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy and the tin constitutes by weight 0.5% to 6.5% of the alloy, the rest of the alloy including zinc. In various embodiments, the aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the magnesium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the tin may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.4Sn.sub.2Mg.sub.1. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy.

(57) In various embodiments, a solder alloy is provided. The solder alloy may include zinc, aluminum, germanium and gallium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 30% of the alloy, the germanium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy and the gallium constitutes by weight 0.5% to 20% of the alloy, the rest of the alloy including zinc. In various embodiments, the aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the germanium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the gallium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy.

(58) In various embodiments, an arrangement is provided. The arrangement may include a chip; a solder alloy configured to attach the chip to a lead frame; the solder alloy including: zinc, aluminum and germanium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, the germanium constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, the rest of the alloy including zinc. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.5Ge.sub.3. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.12Ge.sub.3. In various embodiments, the solder alloy is represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.6Ge.sub.3. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula ZnAl.sub.6Ge.sub.5. In various embodiments, the aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the germanium may constitute by weight 1% to 6% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus in elemental form and/or in nitride form and/or in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination comprising the lead frame plating; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including copper in combination with nickel and/or nickel phosphorus; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame plating thickness lies between 100 nm to 3 μm. In various embodiments, the chip may include a chip back side including at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, silver, wherein the chip back side is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy.

(59) In various embodiments, an arrangement is provided. The arrangement may include a chip; a solder alloy for attaching the chip to a lead frame; the solder alloy including zinc, aluminum and magnesium, wherein the aluminum constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, the magnesium constitutes by weight 1% to 20% of the alloy, the rest of the alloy including zinc. In various embodiments, the aluminum may constitute by weight 3% to 8% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the magnesium may constitute by weight 0.5% to 4% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus in elemental form and/or in nitride form and/or in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination including the lead frame plating; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including copper in combination with nickel and/or nickel phosphorus; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame plating thickness lies between 100 nm to 3 μm. In various embodiments, the chip may include a chip back side including at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, silver; wherein the chip back side is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy.

(60) In various embodiments, an arrangement is provided. The arrangement may include a chip; a solder alloy configured to attach the chip to a lead frame; the solder alloy including zinc and tin, wherein the zinc constitutes by weight 10% to 91% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the solder alloy may be represented by the chemical formula Zn.sub.40Sn.sub.60. In various embodiments, the zinc may constitute by weight 10% to 15% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus in elemental form and/or in nitride form and/or in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination including the lead frame plating; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including copper in combination with nickel and/or nickel phosphorus; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame plating thickness lies between 100 nm to 3 μm. In various embodiments, the chip may include a chip back side including at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, silver; wherein the chip back side is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy.

(61) In various embodiments, an arrangement is provided. The arrangement may include a chip; a solder alloy configured to attach the chip to a lead frame; the solder alloy including zinc and silver, wherein the zinc constitutes by weight 26% to 98% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the zinc may constitute by weight 83% to 99% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus in elemental form and/or in nitride form and/or in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination including the lead frame plating; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating comprising copper in combination with nickel and/or nickel phosphorus; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame plating thickness lies between 100 nm to 3 μm. In various embodiments, the chip may include a chip back side including at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, silver; wherein the chip back side is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy.

(62) In various embodiments, an arrangement is provided. The arrangement may include a chip; a solder alloy configured to attach the chip to a lead frame; the solder alloy including zinc and copper, wherein the zinc constitutes by weight 80% to 98% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the zinc may constitute by weight 88% to 99% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the alloy may further include at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, each and/or in combination including by weight 0.001% to 10% of the alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including at least one from the following group of materials: silver, gold, nickel, platinum, palladium, vanadium, molybdenum, tin, copper, arsenic, antimony, gallium, zinc, aluminum, niobium, tantalum, phosphorus, silver, nickel, nickel phosphorus in elemental form and/or in nitride form and/or in oxide form, the at least one from said group of materials, individually, or in combination including the lead frame plating; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame may include a lead frame plating including copper in combination with nickel and/or nickel phosphorus; wherein the lead frame plating is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy. In various embodiments, the lead frame plating thickness lies between 100 nm to 3 μm. In various embodiments, the chip may include a chip back side including at least one from the following group of materials: aluminum, titanium, nickel vanadium, silver; wherein the chip back side is configured to be in connection with the solder alloy.

(63) While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced.